History of Punjab

The History of Punjab refers to the past history of Punjab region which is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the northwest of South Asia, comprising eastern Punjab province in Pakistan and western Punjab state in India.^[1] It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the Soan valley of the Pothohar, between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers, where Soanian culture developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the second Ice Age, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.^[2]

The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest cradle of civilizations, the Bronze Age Harrapan civilization that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.^[3] The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the Iron Age Vedic civilization, which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the Rigveda was composed in Punjab,^[4] laying the foundation of Hinduism. In the 6th century BC, Pushkarasarin, the monarch of Gandhara, assumed a role in halting the expansionary ambitions of the Achaemenid Empire until during the reign of Darius wherein tribute rendered by Gandhara to him is first documented.^[5] A century later, the Janapadas of Punjab encountered the expansive undertakings of Alexander. The Janapadas exhibited resistance to his advances, notably the Aśvaka of Gandhara, the Mallians of South Punjab, and Porus of Central Punjab.^[6] Following the demise of Alexander, Chandragupta Maurya, who had received his education in the city of Taxila, garnered support from republics such as Trigarta and Gandhara.^[7] He subsequently conquered the Nanda Empire, with Taxila being designated as the provincial capital of the Northwestern territories. After its decline, the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Sakas and Indo-Parthians succesively established reigns in Punjab however during this time a local kingdom known as the Apracharajas, maintained autonomy and other janapadas such as that of the Yaudheya and the Audumbaras in Eastern Punjab resisted their expansions.^[8]^[9] In the late 1st century AD the Kushan Empire annexed Punjab, Gandharas cultural zenith occurred during this period in which artwork from the region flourished.

The devastating Hunnic invasions of Punjab occurred in the 5th and 6th century, which were ultimately repelled by the Vardhana dynasty.^[10]^[11] Most of the western Punjab region became unified under the Taank And Odi Shahi Kingdoms in the early medieval period. Between the 8th and 12th century, the Tomara dynasty and Katoch dynasty controlled the eastern portions of Punjab.^[12] Islam became established in Punjab when the Umayyad Caliphate conquered southern portions of the region up to Multan, which became independent from the caliphate under the Emirate of Multan in 855. The Ghaznavids conquered region in 1025, after whom the Delhi Sultanate followed. The Langah Sultanate ruled much of the south Punjab in the 15th century.

The Mughal Empire, established in 1526 AD, has left an immense cultural and architectural legacy in Punjab. The city of Lahore became one of the largest in the world under Mughals. In the 16th century, Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in central Punjab which attracted many followers. After a long period of anarchy due to decline of Mughals in the 18th century, the Sikh Empire in 1799 unified most of the Punjab region. The region was conquered by the British EIC in 1849 after Second Anglo-Sikh War and Punjab province was created in 1857. In 1947, Punjab was partitioned amidst wide-scale violence.

^ H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ Singh 1989, p. 1.
^ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
^ Flood 1996, p. 37.
^ Prakash, Buddha (1951). "Poros". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 32 (1): 198–233. JSTOR 41784590. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^ "3 alexander and his successors in central asia" (PDF).
^ Rajkamal Publications Limited, New Delhi (1943). Chandragupta Maurya And His Times. p. 16. Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the Jatakas.
^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00941-6.
^ Ohri, Vishwa Chander (1980). Himachal Art & Archaeology: Some Aspects. State Museum, Department of Languages & Culture, Himachal Pradesh.
^ Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1952). Ancient India, History and Culture. Asia Publishing House.
^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1996). Temples of Rajasthan. Publication Scheme. ISBN 978-81-85263-87-8.
^ Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994). History of the Panjab Hill States. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0942-6.

[EoS-1] H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.

[FOOTNOTESingh19891-2] Singh 1989, p. 1.

[:9-3] Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.

[FOOTNOTEFlood199637-4] Flood 1996, p. 37.

[Prakash-5] Prakash, Buddha (1951). "Poros". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 32 (1): 198–233. JSTOR 41784590. Retrieved 12 June 2022.

[6] "3 alexander and his successors in central asia" (PDF).

[7] Rajkamal Publications Limited, New Delhi (1943). Chandragupta Maurya And His Times. p. 16. Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the Jatakas.

[auto-8] Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00941-6.

[9] Ohri, Vishwa Chander (1980). Himachal Art & Archaeology: Some Aspects. State Museum, Department of Languages & Culture, Himachal Pradesh.

[10] Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1952). Ancient India, History and Culture. Asia Publishing House.

[11] Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1996). Temples of Rajasthan. Publication Scheme. ISBN 978-81-85263-87-8.

[12] Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994). History of the Panjab Hill States. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0942-6.

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Part of a series on the
History of Punjab

Prehistoric Soanian Culture c. 1,900,000 BCE
Ancient Early Harappan Period c. 3300 – c. 2600 BCE Mature Harappan Period c. 2600 – c. 1900 BCE Late Harappan Period c. 1900 – c. 1500 BCE Gandhara, Kekya, Madra, Trigarta, Sivi and Bahlika Kingdoms (Vedic Civilization) c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Gandhāra & Hindush (Achaemenid Empire) c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Porus, Taxiles and Mallians (Macedonian Empire) c. 326 – c. 316 BCE Mauryan Empire c. 316 – c. 200 BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom c. 180 – c. 50 BCE Indo-Scythian Kingdom c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
Classical Indo-Parthian Kingdom c. 25 – c. 80 CE Kushan Empire c. 60–345 CE Gupta Empire c. 345 – c. 455 CE Alchon Huns and Kidarites c. 450–560 CE Taank Kingdom c. 560–750 CE Hindu Shahi c. 870–1010 CE Emirate of Multan c. 855–1010 CE
Medieval Ghaznavids c. 999–1186 CE Ghurid Dynasty c. 1170–1215 CE Delhi Sultanate c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Langah Sultanate c. 1445–1540 CE Lahore & Multan Subahs (Mughal Empire) c. 1627 – c. 1707 CE Durrani Empire c. 1748 – c. 1818 CE Maratha Empire c. 1758 – c. 1761 CE Misl c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
Colonial State of Bahawalpur c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE Punjab Province c. 1849 – c. 1947 CE
Post-independence Province of Punjab (Pakistan) c. 1947 CE–present State of Punjab (India) c. 1947 CE–present
History of Pakistan History of India
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