Intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is domestic violence by a current or former spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner.^[1]^[2] IPV can take a number of forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, economic and sexual abuse. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines IPV as "any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviors."^[3]^{: page 89} IPV is sometimes referred to simply as battery, or as spouse or partner abuse.^[4]

The most extreme form of IPV is termed intimate terrorism, coercive controlling violence, or simply coercive control. In such situations, one partner is systematically violent and controlling. This is generally perpetrated by men against women, and is the most likely of the types to require medical services and the use of a women's shelter.^[5]^[6]^[4] Resistance to intimate terrorism, which is a form of self-defense, and is termed violent resistance, is usually conducted by women.^[7]^[8]

Studies on domestic violence against men suggest that men are less likely to report domestic violence perpetrated by their female intimate partners.^[9]^[10] Conversely, men are more likely to commit acts of severe domestic battery,^[11]^[12]^[13] and women are more likely to suffer serious injury as a result.^[14]

The most common but less injurious form of intimate partner violence is situational couple violence (also known as situational violence), which is conducted by men and women nearly equally,^[6]^[4]^[7] and is more likely to occur among younger couples, including adolescents (see teen dating violence) and those of college age.^[7]^[15]

^ Connie Mitchell (2009). Intimate Partner Violence: A Health-Based Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-0-19-972072-9. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ Mandi M. Larsen (2016). Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Role of Social Policy in the United States, Germany, and Norway. Springer. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-3-319-29565-7. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ Krug, Etienne G.; Dahlberg, Linda L.; Mercy, James A.; Zwi, Anthony B.; Lozano, Rafael (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-068180-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Anglin, Dierdre; Homeier, Diana C. (2014). "Intimate Partner Violence". In Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (eds.). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, Volume 1 (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 872–875. ISBN 978-1-4557-0605-1.
^ Pamela Regan (2011). Close Relationships. Routledge. pp. 456–460. ISBN 978-1-136-85160-5. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Robert E. Emery (2013). Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-4522-7443-0. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Howe, Tasha R. (2012). "Families in crisis: violence, abuse, and neglect: intimate partner violence: marital rape". In Howe, Tasha R. (ed.). Marriages and families in the 21st century a bioecological approach. Chichester, West Sussex Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9501-0. Preview.
^ Desmond Ellis; Noreen Stuckless; Carrie Smith (2015). Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-317-52213-3. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. (September 2005). "The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1—The conflict of theory and data". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 10 (6): 680–714. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001.
^ Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (July 2005). Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse. Stationery Office. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7557-7089-2.
^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Swan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Wallace & Robertson 2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Erica Bowen; Kate Walker (2015). The Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Springer. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-137-32140-4. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

[Mitchell-1] Connie Mitchell (2009). Intimate Partner Violence: A Health-Based Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-0-19-972072-9. Retrieved September 12, 2016.

[Larsen-2] Mandi M. Larsen (2016). Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Role of Social Policy in the United States, Germany, and Norway. Springer. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-3-319-29565-7. Retrieved September 12, 2016.

[who.intA-3] Krug, Etienne G.; Dahlberg, Linda L.; Mercy, James A.; Zwi, Anthony B.; Lozano, Rafael (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-068180-4.

[Anglin_&_Homeier-4] Anglin, Dierdre; Homeier, Diana C. (2014). "Intimate Partner Violence". In Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (eds.). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, Volume 1 (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 872–875. ISBN 978-1-4557-0605-1.

[Regan-5] Pamela Regan (2011). Close Relationships. Routledge. pp. 456–460. ISBN 978-1-136-85160-5. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

[Emery-6] Robert E. Emery (2013). Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-4522-7443-0. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

[Howe_p._370-7] Howe, Tasha R. (2012). "Families in crisis: violence, abuse, and neglect: intimate partner violence: marital rape". In Howe, Tasha R. (ed.). Marriages and families in the 21st century a bioecological approach. Chichester, West Sussex Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9501-0. Preview.

[Ellis-8] Desmond Ellis; Noreen Stuckless; Carrie Smith (2015). Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-317-52213-3. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

[9] Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. (September 2005). "The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1—The conflict of theory and data". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 10 (6): 680–714. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001.

[Crime_Council-10] Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (July 2005). Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse. Stationery Office. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7557-7089-2.

[:9-11] Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Swan-12] Cite error: The named reference Swan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:4-13] Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Wallace_&_Robertson_2016-14] Cite error: The named reference Wallace & Robertson 2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Bowen-15] Erica Bowen; Kate Walker (2015). The Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Springer. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-1-137-32140-4. Retrieved March 1, 2016.

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