Fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general
This article is about fear, hatred of, or prejudice towards Muslims or Islam. For the historic persecution of Muslims, see Persecution of Muslims. For criticism directed at the Muslim faith, see Criticism of Islam. For prejudice against those from the Middle East, see Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment.
The scope and precise definition of the term Islamophobia is the subject of debate. Some scholars consider it to be a form of xenophobia or racism, some consider Islamophobia and racism to be closely related or partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute any relationship, primarily on the grounds that religion is not a race. For some critics, Islamophobia is an expression that, by confusing hatred of Muslims with criticism of Islam, equates racism against Muslims with criticism of religious beliefs and practices, which is legitimate in a secular democracy.[9][10]
^Hilal, Maha (2021). Innocent Until Proven Muslim: Islamophobia, the War on Terror, and the Muslim Experience Since 9/11. Minneapolis, USA: Broadleaf Books. ISBN978-1-5064-7046-7.
^Benkler, Faris, Roberts, Yochai, Robert, Hal (2018). "4: Immigration and Islamophobia: Breitbart and the Trump Party". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, Ny 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–144. ISBN9780190923624. LCCN2018020121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)