Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism is the continuation or reimposition of imperialist rule by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony).^[1] This is the continuation of colonial representations and realities which remain after formal colonisation has come to an end.^[2] Neocolonialism is the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means. The term neocolonialism was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial-like exploitation.^[3]Neocolonialism takes the form of economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence or control a developing country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control (hegemony).

Neocolonialism differs from standard globalisation and development aid in that it typically results in a relationship of dependence, subservience, or financial obligation towards the neocolonialist nation. This may result in an undue degree of political control^[4] or spiraling debt obligations,^[5] functionally imitating the relationship of traditional colonialism. Neocolonialism frequently affects all levels of society, creating neo-colonial systems that disadvantage local communities, such as neo-colonial science.

Coined by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1956,^[6]^[7] it was first used by Kwame Nkrumah in the context of African countries undergoing decolonisation in the 1960s. Neocolonialism is also discussed in the works of Western thinkers such as Sartre (Colonialism and Neocolonialism, 1964)^[8] and Noam Chomsky (The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism, 1979).^[9]

^ Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0.
^ McLeod, John (2010). Beginning Postcolonialism (Second ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 46.
^ Halperin, Sandra (2023-12-02). "Neocolonialism". Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. Britannica.
^ Prashad, Vijay (2007). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. New York: The New Press. p. 233. The IMF urged the indebted nations to submit themselves to complete integration in the world capitalist system, and not try to create either autarkic modes of economic protection or even reforms to privilege domestic development. Rather than deal with the short-term balance-of-payments crisis for what it was, the IMF in the 1970 used the financial crisis as the means to demand deep shifts in the political and economic arrangements devised by the Third World. In other words, the IMF went after every policy initiated by its fellow international agency, UNCTAD.
^ Prashad, Vijay (2007). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. New York: The New Press. p. 231. The nations of sub-Saharan Africa spent four times more on debt service, on interest payments, than on health care. For most of the indebted states, between one-third and one-fifth of their gross national product was squandered in this debt-service tribute. The debt crisis had winners: the financial interests in the G-7.
^ Ardant, Philippe (1965). "Le néo-colonialisme: thème, mythe et réalité" [Neo-colonialism: theme, myth and reality]. Revue française de science politique (in French). 15 (5): 837–855. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1965.392883.
^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (March–April 1956). "La Mystification néo-colonialiste" [The Neo-colonialist mystification)]. Les Temps Modernes (in French). 123: 125.
^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). Colonialism and Neocolonialism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19146-3.
^ Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S. (1979). The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Black Rose Books. p. 42ff. ISBN 978-0-919618-88-6.

[:2-1] Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0.

[2] McLeod, John (2010). Beginning Postcolonialism (Second ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 46.

[3] Halperin, Sandra (2023-12-02). "Neocolonialism". Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. Britannica.

[4] Prashad, Vijay (2007). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. New York: The New Press. p. 233. The IMF urged the indebted nations to submit themselves to complete integration in the world capitalist system, and not try to create either autarkic modes of economic protection or even reforms to privilege domestic development. Rather than deal with the short-term balance-of-payments crisis for what it was, the IMF in the 1970 used the financial crisis as the means to demand deep shifts in the political and economic arrangements devised by the Third World. In other words, the IMF went after every policy initiated by its fellow international agency, UNCTAD.

[5] Prashad, Vijay (2007). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. New York: The New Press. p. 231. The nations of sub-Saharan Africa spent four times more on debt service, on interest payments, than on health care. For most of the indebted states, between one-third and one-fifth of their gross national product was squandered in this debt-service tribute. The debt crisis had winners: the financial interests in the G-7.

[6] Ardant, Philippe (1965). "Le néo-colonialisme: thème, mythe et réalité" [Neo-colonialism: theme, myth and reality]. Revue française de science politique (in French). 15 (5): 837–855. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1965.392883.

[7] Sartre, Jean-Paul (March–April 1956). "La Mystification néo-colonialiste" [The Neo-colonialist mystification)]. Les Temps Modernes (in French). 123: 125.

[Sartre2001-8] Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). Colonialism and Neocolonialism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19146-3.

[ChomskyHerman1979-9] Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S. (1979). The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Black Rose Books. p. 42ff. ISBN 978-0-919618-88-6.

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