In the United States, use of deadly force by police has been a high-profile and contentious issue.[1] In 2022, 1,096 people were killed by police shootings according to The Washington Post,[2] while according to the "Mapping Police Violence" (MPV) project, 1,176 people were killed by police in total.[3][4] MPV documented 1,213 killings by police for 2023.[5]
A lack of reliable data has made conclusions about race and policing difficult. Several non-government and crowdsourcing projects have been started to address this lack of reliable data.[6] Research has provided mixed results on the extent of racial bias in the police use of deadly force, with some studies finding no racial bias, while other studies conclude there is racial bias in the use of deadly force.[7][8][9]
A study by Esposito, Lee, Edwards estimated that 1 in 2,000 men and 1 in 33,000 women have a lifetime risk of dying as a result of police use of deadly force, with the highest risk for black men, at approximately 1 in 1,000.[10] Black, Hispanic, and Native American/Alaskan individuals are disproportionately killed in police shootings compared to White or Asian individuals.[11][12]
- ^ Fyfe, James J. (June 1988). "Police use of deadly force: Research and reform". Justice Quarterly. 5 (2): 165–205. doi:10.1080/07418828800089691.
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WaPo Fatal Force 2015 to 2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "'It never stops': killings by US police reach record high in 2022". the Guardian. January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
- ^ Sinyangwe, Samuel (June 1, 2020). "Police Are Killing Fewer People In Big Cities, But More In Suburban And Rural America". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Crosse, Jacob (December 29, 2023). "License to kill: US police killed over 1,200 people in 2023". WSWS. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
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Knox Lowe Mummolo 2020was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
fryer1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Marcus, Adam (May 4, 2020). "A study finding no evidence of racial bias in police shootings earns a correction that critics call an 'opaque half measure'". Retraction Watch. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "PREVIEW Editorial: Scientific versus Public Debates: A PNAS Case Study". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Esposito Lee Edwards PNAS 2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
guardian_datawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ross_2020was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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