Restorative justice

Criminology and penology
Theory Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows Collective efficacy Crime analysis Criminalization Differential association Deviance Expressive function of law Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice Risk & actuarial criminology Social control Social disorganization Social learning Strain Subculture Symbolic interactionism Victimology
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Penology Denunciation Deterrence Incapacitation Trial Prison abolition open reform Prisoner Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism Justice in penology Participatory Restorative Transformative Retributive Solitary confinement
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Restorative justice is an approach to justice that aims to repair the harm done to victims.^[1][2] In doing so, practitioners work to ensure that offenders take responsibility for their actions, to understand the harm they have caused, to give them an opportunity to redeem themselves, and to discourage them from causing further harm. For victims, the goal is to give them an active role in the process,^[3] and to reduce feelings of anxiety and powerlessness.^[4]

Restorative justice is founded on an alternative theory to the traditional methods of justice, which often focus on retribution. Restorative justice programs can also complement traditional methods, and it has been argued that some cases of restorative justice constitute punishment from the perspectives of some positions on what punishment is.^[5]

Though academic assessment of restorative justice is positive,^[4][6][7] more recent studies have shown that academic performance falters in school districts where restorative justice is practiced.^[8] Proponents argue that most studies suggest it makes offenders less likely to reoffend.^[9][10][11] A 2007 study also found that it had a higher rate of victim satisfaction and offender accountability than traditional methods of justice delivery.^[4] However, practictioners have commented that the field has attracted increased risks of revictimization.^[12] Its use has seen worldwide growth since the 1990s.^[13] Restorative justice inspired and is part of the wider study of restorative practices.

One response to a crime, in a restorative justice program, is to organize a meeting between the victim and the offender.^[14] This is sometimes done with representatives of the wider community.^{[citation needed]} The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to discuss who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a consensus for what the offender can do to repair the harm from the offense.^{[citation needed]} This may include a payment of money given from the offender to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to compensate those affected and to prevent the offender from causing future harm.^{[citation needed]} However, restorative justice practices are firmly rooted in the needs of the victim, and may simply support holding the perpetrator accountable and the sharing of victim impact statements without dialogue.^[15]