Traditional knowledge

Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK),^[1] folk knowledge, and local knowledge generally refer to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous, or local communities.^[2]

Traditional knowledge includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of areas such as subsistence (e.g. tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture), midwifery, ethnobotany and ecological knowledge, traditional medicine, celestial navigation, craft skills, ethnoastronomy, climate, and others. These systems of knowledge are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation and on interaction with the environment.

In many cases, traditional knowledge has been passed on for generations from person to person, as an oral tradition. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the United Nations (UN) include traditional cultural expressions (TCE) in their respective definitions of indigenous knowledge. Traditional knowledge systems and cultural expressions exist in the forms of culture, stories, legends, folklore, rituals, songs, and laws,^[3]^[4]^[5] languages, songlines, dance, games, mythology, designs, visual art and architecture.^[6]

^ Loovers, Jan Peter Laurens (2021). Reading Life with Gwich'in: An Educational Approach. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1032082462.
^ "Cultural heritage and new media: A future for the past". Retrieved 5 December 2019.
^ Kala, C.P. (2012) Traditional ecological knowledge and conservation of ethnobotanical species in the buffer zone of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. 194 pp
^ Turner, N. J., Ignace, M. B., & Ignace, R. (2000). Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British Columbia. Ecological applications, 10(5), 1275-1287
^ Kala, C.P. (2004). Studies on the indigenous knowledge, practices and traditional uses of forest products by human societies in Uttaranchal state of India. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, India. 82 pp.
^ Terri Janke and Company; Janke, Terri; Sentina, Maiko (2018). Indigenous Knowledge: Issues for Protection and Management: Discussion paper (PDF). Commissioned by IP Australia and the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2022.

[1] Loovers, Jan Peter Laurens (2021). Reading Life with Gwich'in: An Educational Approach. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1032082462.

[repository.jmls.edu-2] "Cultural heritage and new media: A future for the past". Retrieved 5 December 2019.

[3] Kala, C.P. (2012) Traditional ecological knowledge and conservation of ethnobotanical species in the buffer zone of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. 194 pp

[4] Turner, N. J., Ignace, M. B., & Ignace, R. (2000). Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British Columbia. Ecological applications, 10(5), 1275-1287

[5] Kala, C.P. (2004). Studies on the indigenous knowledge, practices and traditional uses of forest products by human societies in Uttaranchal state of India. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, India. 82 pp.

[jankeik2018-6] Terri Janke and Company; Janke, Terri; Sentina, Maiko (2018). Indigenous Knowledge: Issues for Protection and Management: Discussion paper (PDF). Commissioned by IP Australia and the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2022.

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