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Hanoi

For other uses, see Hanoi (disambiguation).

Hanoi
Hà Nội
Capital city and municipality
City of Hanoi
Thành phố Hà Nội
Hanoi's skyline with Nhật Tân Bridge
Turtle Tower
Temple of Literature
Hanoi Opera House
Imperial Citadel
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
Pilgrimage boat toward Hương Temple
Official seal of Hanoi
Seal
Nicknames: 
City of Soaring dragon
(Thành phố rồng bay)[1]
Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation
(Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến)[2]
City for peace
(Thành phố vì hoà bình)
Motto: 
Dis lecta fortitudine prospera (historical)
Map
Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E / 21.00°N 105.85°E / 21.00; 105.85
Country Vietnam
RegionRed River Delta
Founded257 BC
Founded byAn Dương Vương
SeatHoàn Kiếm
Subdivision12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, one district-level town
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyHanoi People's Council
 • Secretary of the Party CommitteeĐinh Tiến Dũng
 • Chairman of People's CouncilNguyễn Ngọc Tuấn
 • Chairman of People's CommitteeTrần Sỹ Thanh
Area
[3]
 • Capital city and municipality3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)
 • Urban
[4]
319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi)
 • Metro
[5][6]
24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation
[7]
1,296 m (4,252 ft)
Population
 (2022)[8]
 • Capital city and municipality8,435,700
 • Rank2nd
 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
[9]
4,138,500
 • Urban density13,000/km2 (34,000/sq mi)
 • Rural
[10]
4,297,100
 • Metro
[6]
20,000,000
 • Metro density820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
DemonymHanoian
Ethnic groups
[11]
 • Vietnamese[12]98.66%
 • Mường0.77%
 • Tày0.24%
 • Thái0.09%
 • Nùng0.08%
 • Others0.16%
GDP[13]
 • Capital city and municipalityUS$ 54.04 billion
 • MetroUS$ 95.5 billion
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
10000–14000
Area codes24
ISO 3166 codeVN-HN
License plate29 – 33, 40
HDI (2020)0.799 (1st)[14]
ClimateCwa
International airportsNội Bài International Airport
Largest district by areaBa Vì District (421.80 km2)[15]
Largest district by populationHoàng Mai District (540,732)[16]
Websitehanoi.gov.vn

Hanoi[a] (Vietnamese: Hà Nội ⓘ) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. As evident by the literal translation of its name – 'inside the river'[17] – portions of Hanoi's border are delineated by the Red and Black Rivers. As a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one district-level town. It has an area of 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)[3] and a population of 8,435,700 in 2022.[8] In 2020, Hanoi has the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD,[18] behind Ho Chi Minh City.[19] Hanoi Capital is also ASEAN 8th largest economy after Surabaya.

In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in the area of modern-day Hanoi. Âu Lạc then falls under China rule for around a thousand years. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (literally 'Ascending Dragon'). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh (東京), and remained being so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. After the August Revolution, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, effectively tripling Hanoi's area.

In the 21st century, Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of Northern Vietnam. As the capital of the country, Hanoi hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarter of People's Army of Vietnam, its own Vietnam National University system, and many other governmental organs. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.[20] The city hosts Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (an UNESCO World Heritage Site), Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations and disorganized alleys–tube houses reflecting the city's rapid growth in the 20th century. As of early 2020s, many urban amenities in Hanoi are under heavy construction, such as the 8-lines Hanoi Metro and numerous housing estates.

  1. ^ Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay Archived 5 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.
  2. ^ "Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình". 20 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/b4.2_Signed.pdf (PDF). Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022 [Approve and announce the results of land area statistics in 2022] (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT, Table 4.2) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. {{cite report}}: |article-url= missing title (help)
  4. ^ Phạm, Đình Tuyển (2019). "Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội". Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine). No. 9. Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects). Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  5. ^ Nguyễn, Tố Lăng (28 January 2021). "Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1)". Tạp chí Cộng sản. ISSN 2734-9071. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b Trần, Hoàng (1 March 2022). "Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố'". Tiền Phong. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  7. ^ Quang Thái (20 September 2008). "Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô". An ninh Thủ đô. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  9. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  10. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 117. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  11. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2020). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 [Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
  12. ^ Also called Kinh people
  13. ^ "Niêm giám thống kê Hà Nội 2018" (PDF). Cục thống kê Hà Nội. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  14. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Báo cáo Chỉ số phát triển con người Việt Nam giai đoạn 2016 – 2020 [Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016-2020)] (PDF) (Report). pp. 29–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  15. ^ Cục thống kê thành phố Hà Nội (Ha Noi Statistics Office) (2021). Niên giám thống kê thành phố Hà Nội 2020 (Ha Noi Statistical Yearbook 2020). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thống kê (Statistical Publishing House). p. 44. ISBN 978-604-75-1877-7. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  16. ^ Hanoi People's Committee (21 January 2022). "Thông báo 64/TB-UBND Hà Nội 2022 đánh giá cấp độ dịch trong phòng, chống dịch COVID-19 cập nhật 09h00 ngày 21/01/2022". LuatVietnam. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference dantri was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - Viet Nam, 2022". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu". kinhtetrunguong.vn (in Vietnamese). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  20. ^ Thương, Báo Công (31 December 2022). "Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách | Báo Công Thương". Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2024.


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