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Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire

Vilayets and Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in 1875
A detailed map showing the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies, including its administrative divisions (vilayets, sanjaks, kazas), in 1899.
Major R Huber's 1899 map of the Ottoman Empire, showing detailed subdivisions (vilayets, sanjaks and kazas)
State organisation of
the Ottoman Empire
Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire (1882–1922)
Classic period
Constitutional period

The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states.

The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century.[1] The beylerbey, or governor, of each province was appointed by the central government.[2] Sanjaks (banners) were governed by sanjak-beys, selected from the high military ranks by the central government.[2][3] Beylerbeyis had authority over all the sancakbeyis in a region.[2] Kaza was a subdivision of sancak and referred to the basic administrative district, governed by a kadi.[2]

It is considered extremely difficult to define the number and exact borders of Ottoman provinces and domains, as their borders were changed constantly.[4] Until the Tanzimat period from 1839 to 1876, the borders of administrative units fluctuated, reflecting the changing strategies of the Ottomans, the emergence of new threats in the region, and the rise of powerful Ayans.[5] All the subdivisions were very unequal in regard of area and population, and the presence of numerous nomadic tribes contributed to the extreme variability of the population figures.[6]

  1. ^ Imber, Colin (2002). "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power" (PDF). pp. 177–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d Ağır, Seven (November 2010). "Sacred Obligations, Precious Interests: Ottoman Grain Administration in Comparative Perspective" (PDF). Department of Economics - Yale University. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2012.
  3. ^ E. Streusand, Douglas (2011). "3: The Ottoman Empire". Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Central Avenue, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7.
  4. ^ Peter F. Sugar (1977). Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule: 1354 - 1804. University of Washington Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-295-80363-0. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  5. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  6. ^ System of universal geography founded on the works of Malte-Brun and Balbi

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