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Authorship of the Johannine works

Part of a series of articles on
John in the Bible
"St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s
Saint John the Evangelist, Domenichino
Johannine literature
Authorship
Related literature
See also

The authorship of the Johannine works (the Gospel of John, the Johannine epistles, and the Book of Revelation) has been debated by biblical scholars since at least the 2nd century AD.[1] The debate focuses mainly on the identity of the author(s), as well as the date and location of authorship of these writings.

Although authorship of all of these works has traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle,[2] only a minority of contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel,[3] and most conclude that he wrote none of them.[2][4][5] Although some scholars conclude the author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel, most scholars agree that all three epistles are written by the same author [6][7][8] or school of thought.[9]

With respect to the date and location of authorship of these writings, there is general agreement that all four works probably originated from the same Johannine community.[10] That community is traditionally and plausibly either attributed to Ephesus or Damascus, circa AD 90-110.[11]

In the case of Revelation, many modern scholars agree that it was written by a separate author, John of Patmos, c. 95 with some parts possibly dating to Nero's reign in the early 60s.[2][12]

El Greco's c. 1605 painting Saint John the Evangelist shows the traditional author of the Johannine works as a young man.
  1. ^ F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45
  2. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference harris was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kelly2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Harris, Stephen L. (1980). Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Guide and Reference. Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-87484-472-6. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  6. ^ Kruger, Michael J. (30 April 2012). Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books. Crossway. p. 272. ISBN 9781433530814.
  7. ^ Brown, Raymond E. (1988). The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary. Liturgical Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780814612835.
  8. ^ Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978). The Epistles of John. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 9781467422321.
  9. ^ Méndez, Hugo (1 March 2020). "Did the Johannine Community Exist?". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 42 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1177/0142064X19890490. S2CID 216330794.
  10. ^ Ehrman, pp. 178–9.
  11. ^ Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. p. 334. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
  12. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 468. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.

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