Back شوفالييه دي سان جورج Arabic شوفالييه دى سان جورج ARZ Joseph Bologne de Saint-George Catalan Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges German Ζοζέφ Μπολόνι ντε Σαιν-Ζωρζ Greek Chevalier de Saint-Georges Spanish Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges Finnish Joseph Bologne de Saint-George French Chevalier de Saint-George Galician Շևալյե դը Սեն Ժորժ Armenian

Chevalier de Saint-Georges

Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges
Mather Brown's portrait of Saint-Georges (1788), National Portrait Gallery, London
Born(1745-12-25)25 December 1745
Baillif, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
Died9 June 1799(1799-06-09) (aged 53)
Paris, French First Republic
NationalityFrench
Alma materAcadémie de l'équitation

Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-George(s) (25 December 1745 – 9 June 1799) was a French violinist, conductor, composer and soldier. Moreover he demonstrated excellence as a fencer, an athlete and an accomplished dancer. His historical significance lies partly in his distinctive background as a biracial free man of color.[a] Bologne was the first classical composer of African descent to attain widespread acclaim in European music. He composed an array of violin concertos, string quartets, sinfonia concertantes, violin duets, sonatas, two symphonies and an assortment of stage works, notably opéra comique.[1]

Born in the French colony of Guadeloupe, his father, Georges Bologne de Saint-Georges, was a wealthy, white plantation owner, while his mother was one of the Creole people Georges kept enslaved.[b] At the age of seven, he was taken to France where he began his formal education. As a young man he won a fencing contest leading to his appointment as a "gendarme de la garde du roi" by king Louis XVI.[3] Having received music and musical composition lessons, he joined the orchestra Le Concert des Amateurs; culminating in his appointment as its conductor in 1773.[4]

In 1776, Saint-Georges began conducting the Paris Opera. However, this prospect was thwarted by opposition from certain performers who resisted the idea of being led by an individual of color.[5] Around this time, he shifted his focus to composing operas. In 1781, he joined a new orchestra Le Concert de la Loge Olympique.[6] By 1785, he had stopped composing instrumental works altogether.[7] Following the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Saint-Georges left for England. Upon his return to France, he joined the National Guard in Lille and then served as a colonel in the Légion St.-Georges,[8] which comprised "citizens of color". His social and professional ties to prominent figures such as Marie Antoinette and the Duke of Orléans made him a target of the Reign of Terror, culminating in a period of imprisonment spanning at least eleven months.[9]

Saint-Georges, a contemporary of Mozart, has at times been called the "Black Mozart." Some have criticized this appellation as racist.[10][11] Saint-Georges's life and career are the subject of the 2022 romanticized biographical film Chevalier, with Kelvin Harrison Jr. portraying the composer.[12]


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  1. ^ IMSLP. "list of works by Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges". International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP), Pertucci Music Library. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ Banat 2006, p. 5.
  3. ^ Banat 2006, p. 60-62, 67, 70.
  4. ^ Banat 2006, p. 112-118.
  5. ^ Banat 2006, p. 180-187.
  6. ^ Banat 2006, p. 258-259.
  7. ^ Banat 2006, p. 242.
  8. ^ Banat 2006, p. 373, 500.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference jTGJB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Balter, Marcos (22 July 2020). "His Name Is Joseph Boulogne, Not 'Black Mozart'". New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2024. Presumably intended as a compliment, this erasure of Boulogne's name not only subjugates him to an arbitrary white standard, but also diminishes his truly unique place in Western classical music history.
  11. ^ Ledford, J. A. (2020). "Joseph Boulogne, the Chevalier de Saint-George and the Problem With Black Mozart". Journal of Black Studies. 51 (1): 60–82. doi:10.1177/0021934719892239.
  12. ^ "Searchlight Movies 2023". Searchlight. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

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