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Classical Quechua

Classical Quechua
Colonial Quechua
RegionPeru
Quechuan
  • Quechua II
    • Quechua IIB
      • Classical Quechua
(colonial) Latin script (Quechua alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Inca Empire
Language codes
ISO 639-3qwc
Glottologclas1251
Huarochirí Manuscript: document in Classical Quechua. Cuniraya Viracuchap causascan (life of Cuniraya Viracucha): one s and one k (c/qu). In the Classical Quechua of Doctrina Christiana it would be cauçascan: one k, but ç vs. s. In Kichwa of Ecuador it would be kawsashka (without possessive suffix -n): one k, but s vs. sh. In modern Cuzco Quechua and Ayacucho Quechua it would be kawsasqan: k vs. q, but just one s. In Central Quechua it would be kawsashqan: k vs. q, s vs. sh (in some places: kawashqan with mute s).
Apostles' Creed (Yñinim) in Doctrina Christiana, Lima 1584, in Classical Quechua: genitive with -p (caypachap, Pilatop), accusative with -cta (runacunacta), "our (incl.)" with -nchic (apunchicmãpas), -m (not -n: yñinim), ç (çapay) vs. s (chacatasca), one c/qu (just k, not k vs. q: carcan, quimçañequẽ), no ejectives (pampascatac, pũchaupim, no pp-), no aspirates (ucupachacunamã, no -cj-). In this text no present progressive is used, but in the Nicene Creed of 1631 the progressive form tiachcan is used.
Apostles' Creed (Iñini) in Manual de catecismo quechua 1940, in modern Cuzco Quechua: genitive with -cc (quey pachacc, Pilatocc), accusative with -ta (runacunata), "our (incl.)" with -nchis (Apunchispipas), -n (not -m: iñinin), no ç (s the same in sapay and chacatascca), c/qu vs. cc/qqu (k vs. q: carccan, quinsa ñeqquen), ejectives (ppampasccatacc, ppunchau [today p'unchay], no p-), aspirates (ucjupachacunaman, no -c-), tiascan instead of tiachcan (today tiyashan)
Nicene Creed in Ritual Formulario by Juan Pérez Bocanegra, 1631. Except for a change in orthography (ai, ui instead of ay, uy: cai, tucui) it has the same characteristics as the Quechua of Doctrina Christiana of 1584. In this text, the progressive form tiachcan is used, conserved in present Ayacucho Quechua as tiyachkan, whereas in modern Cuzco Quechua it is tiyashan.

Classical Quechua or lengua general del inga is either of two historical forms of Quechua, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other.[1] These are:

  1. the variety of Quechua that was used as a lingua franca and administrative language in the Inca Empire (1438–1533)[2] (henceforward Inca lingua franca[3]). Since the Incas did not have writing, the evidence about the characteristics of this variety is scant and they have been a subject of significant disagreements.[4]
  2. the variety of Quechua that was used in writing for religious and administrative purposes in the Andean territories of the Spanish Empire, mostly in the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and has sometimes been referred to, both historically and in academia, as lengua general 'common language'[5][6][7][8] (henceforward Standard Colonial Quechua[9]). It is Standard Colonial Quechua in this second sense that is abundantly attested in writing, notably in the famous Huarochirí Manuscript, and that this article primarily describes.

There are also some less common and typical uses of the term "classical" in reference to other Quechua varieties, whose relationship to the abovementioned ones is also controversial, namely:

  1. In reference to all use of Quechua as a literary medium until a cut-off point in the 18th century, which saw a ban on literature in Quechua after the Túpac Amaru rebellion of 1780–1782,[10] although the language of most of the "Classical Quechua literature" written after the mid-17th century is more commonly seen as early Cuzco Quechua;[11]
  2. As "Classic Inca", in reference to the reconstructed ancestor of all Southern Quechua varieties ("Common southern Peruvian Quechua").[12]
  1. ^ See Itier (2000: 47) for the distinction between the first and second enumerated senses, and the quote below for their partial identification.
  2. ^ Snow, Charles T., Louisa Rowell Stark. 1971. Ancash Quechua: A Pedagogical Grammar. P.V 'The Quechua language is generally associated with the "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, which was used as a lingua franca through Peru and Bolivia with the spread of the Inca Empire'
  3. ^ Following the terminology of Durston 2007: 40
  4. ^ Durston 2007: 40, 322
  5. ^ Beyersdorff, Margot, Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz. 1994. Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature. P.275. 'the primarily catechetical domain of this lingua franca – sometimes referred to as "classical" Quechua'...
  6. ^ Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Valejo. 1969. P. XV. 'Immediately following the Spanish Conquest the Quechua language, especially the prestigious "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, was used as a lingua franca throughout the Andean region by both missionaries and administrators.'
  7. ^ Cf. also Durston (2007: 17): 'The 1550–1650 period can be considered both formative and classical in relation to the late colonial and republican production'.
  8. ^ See e.g. Taylor 1975: 7–8 for the dating and the name lengua general and Adelaar 2007: 183 for the dating
  9. ^ Following the terminology of Durston (2007: 40)
  10. ^ Mannheim 1991b: 74–75
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Adelaar183 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Rowe 1950, cited in Mannheim (1991b: 114). Note that this pre-supposes identity with the Inca lingua franca, whereas Rowe's sources are primarily from the 17th century, i.e. Standard Colonial Quechua

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