Five Eyes

Five Eyes
Members shown in blue
Working language	English
Type	Intelligence alliance
Members	Australia  Canada  New Zealand  United Kingdom  United States
Establishment
• Atlantic Charter	August 14, 1941; 82 years ago (1941-08-14)
• BRUSA Agreement	May 17, 1943; 80 years ago (1943-05-17)

The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an Anglosphere intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[1] These countries are parties to the multilateral UK-USA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence.^[2][3][4] Informally, Five Eyes can refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries.

The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal secret meetings during World War II between British and American code-breakers, before the US formally entered the war.^[5] The alliance was formalized in the post-war era, specifically through the UKUSA Agreement in 1946. As the Cold War deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement became formalised under the ECHELON surveillance system in the 1960s.^[6] This was developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc; it is now used to monitor communications worldwide.^[7][8] The FVEY expanded their surveillance capabilities during the course of the "war on terror", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the World Wide Web. The alliance has grown into a robust global surveillance mechanism, adapting to new challenges such as international terrorism, cyber threats, and regional conflicts.

The alliance's activities, often shrouded in secrecy, have occasionally come under scrutiny for their implications on privacy and civil liberties, sparking debates and legal challenges. In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a debate in the European Parliament and, to a lesser extent, the United States Congress and British Parliament. Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden described the Five Eyes as a "supra-national intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries".^[9] 2010s global surveillance disclosures revealed FVEY had been spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain this was done legally. It has been claimed FVEY nations have been sharing intelligence to circumvent domestic laws, but only one court case in Canada has found any FVEY nation breaking domestic laws when sharing intelligence with a FVEYs partner.^[10][11]

Five Eyes is among the most comprehensive espionage alliances.^[12] Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves defence intelligence as well as human intelligence (HUMINT) and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). Five Eyes remains a critical element in the intelligence and security landscape of each member country, providing a strategic advantage in understanding and responding to global events.