Freeman Dyson

Freeman Dyson FRS
Dyson at the Long Now Seminar in San Francisco, California, in 2005
Born	Freeman John Dyson (1923-12-15)15 December 1923 Crowthorne, Berkshire, England
Died	28 February 2020(2020-02-28) (aged 96) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Nationality	British-American
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge Cornell University
Known for	Circular ensemble Crank conjecture Crank of a partition Rank of a partition Random matrix theory Stability of matter Self-replicating machine Quantum electrodynamics Helios propulsion system Project Orion TRIGA Advocacy against nuclear weapons Dyson sphere
Spouses	Verena Huber ​ ​ (m. 1950; div. 1958)​ [2] Imme Jung ​ (m. 1958⁠–⁠2020)​
Children	6, including Esther Dyson and George Dyson[1]
Awards	Heineman Prize (1965) Lorentz Medal (1966) Hughes Medal (1968) Max Planck Medal (1969) Harvey Prize (1977) Wolf Prize (1981) Andrew Gemant Award (1988) Matteucci Medal (1989) Oersted Medal (1991) Enrico Fermi Award (1993) Templeton Prize (2000) Pomeranchuk Prize (2003) Henri Poincaré Prize (2012)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics, mathematics
Institutions	Royal Air Force Institute for Advanced Study University of Birmingham Cornell University
Academic advisors	Hans Bethe
Website	ias.edu/sns/dyson
Notes
He was the son of George Dyson.

Quantum field theory
Feynman diagram
History
Background Field theory Electromagnetism Weak force Strong force Quantum mechanics Special relativity General relativity Gauge theory Yang–Mills theory
Symmetries Symmetry in quantum mechanics C-symmetry P-symmetry T-symmetry Lorentz symmetry Poincaré symmetry Gauge symmetry Explicit symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Noether charge Topological charge
Tools Anomaly Background field method BRST quantization Correlation function Crossing Effective action Effective field theory Expectation value Feynman diagram Lattice field theory LSZ reduction formula Partition function Propagator Quantization Regularization Renormalization Vacuum state Wick's theorem
Equations Dirac equation Klein–Gordon equation Proca equations Wheeler–DeWitt equation Bargmann–Wigner equations
Standard Model Quantum electrodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics Higgs mechanism
Incomplete theories String theory Supersymmetry Technicolor Theory of everything Quantum gravity
Scientists Adler Anderson Anselm Bargmann Becchi Belavin Bell Berezin Bethe Bjorken Bleuer Bogoliubov Brodsky Brout Buchholz Cachazo Callan Coleman Dashen DeWitt Dirac Doplicher Dyson Englert Faddeev Fadin Fayet Fermi Feynman Fierz Fock Frampton Fritzsch Fröhlich Fredenhagen Furry Glashow Gelfand Gell-Mann Glimm Goldstone Gribov Gross Gupta Guralnik Haag Heisenberg Hepp Higgs Hagen 't Hooft Iliopoulos Ivanenko Jackiw Jaffe Jona-Lasinio Jordan Jost Källén Kendall Kinoshita Klebanov Kontsevich Kuraev Landau Lee Lehmann Leutwyler Lipatov Łopuszański Low Lüders Maiani Majorana Maldacena Migdal Mills Møller Naimark Nambu Neveu Nishijima Oehme Oppenheimer Osterwalder Parisi Pauli Peskin Plefka Polyakov Pomeranchuk Popov Proca Rubakov Ruelle Salam Schrader Schwarz Schwinger Segal Seiberg Semenoff Shifman Shirkov Skyrme Sommerfield Stora Stueckelberg Sudarshan Symanzik Thirring Tomonaga Tyutin Vainshtein Veltman Virasoro Ward Weinberg Weisskopf Wentzel Wess Wetterich Weyl Wick Wightman Wigner Wilczek Wilson Witten Yang Yukawa Zamolodchikov Zamolodchikov Zee Zimmermann Zinn-Justin Zuber Zumino
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Modern physics
${\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }$ ${\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}$ Schrödinger and Einstein field equations
Founders Max Planck Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Max Born Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrödinger Pascual Jordan Wolfgang Pauli Paul Dirac Ernest Rutherford Louis de Broglie Satyendra Nath Bose
Concepts Topology Space Time Energy Matter Work Randomness Information Entropy Light Particle Wave
Branches Applied Experimental Theoretical Mathematical Philosophy of physics Quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information Quantum computation Electromagnetism Weak interaction Electroweak interaction Strong interaction Atomic Particle Nuclear Atomic, molecular, and optical Condensed matter Statistical Complex systems Non-linear dynamics Biophysics Neurophysics Plasma physics Special relativity General relativity Astrophysics Cosmology Theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything
Scientists Witten Röntgen Becquerel Lorentz Planck Curie Wien Skłodowska-Curie Sommerfeld Rutherford Soddy Onnes Einstein Wilczek Born Weyl Bohr Kramers Schrödinger de Broglie Laue Bose Compton Pauli Walton Fermi van der Waals Heisenberg Dyson Zeeman Moseley Hilbert Gödel Jordan Dirac Wigner Hawking P. W. Anderson Lemaître Thomson Poincaré Wheeler Penrose Millikan Nambu von Neumann Higgs Hahn Feynman Yang Lee Lenard Salam 't Hooft Veltman Bell Gell-Mann J. J. Thomson Raman Bragg Bardeen Shockley Chadwick Lawrence Zeilinger Goudsmit Uhlenbeck
Categories Modern physics
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Freeman John Dyson FRS (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020)^[1] was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering.^[a][3] He was professor emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.^[4]

Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as Dyson's transform, a fundamental technique in additive number theory,^[5] which he developed as part of his proof of Mann's theorem;^[6] the Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically engineered plant capable of growing in a comet; the Dyson series, a perturbative series where each term is represented by Feynman diagrams; the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output; and Dyson's eternal intelligence, a means by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe could escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by extending subjective time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.

Dyson disagreed with the scientific consensus on climate change. He believed that some of the effects of increased CO₂ levels are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield, and further that the positive benefits of CO₂ likely outweigh the negative effects.^[7][8][9] He was skeptical about the simulation models used to predict climate change, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority.

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