Help:IPA/Jin Chinese

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Jin Chinese on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Jin Chinese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for Jin Chinese (晉語), one of the Sinitic languages. All vocabulary are based on Jin Chinese in Wubu, Shaanxi Province.^[1]^[2]

Initial consonants^[i]
IPA	Pinyin	Examples^[ii]
ɕ	x	[sã˥˧ ɕjəʔ˧] 散學
f^[iii]	f	[tʰu˦˩˨ ɲjɑo̯˧ fã˨˩˧ ʂəŋ˨˩˧] 土牛翻身
k	g	[swɛe̯˦˩˨ kwɤ˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 水貫子
kʰ	k	[kʰwɤ˨˩˧ tʰo˧] '寬透
l	l	[təŋ lɑo̯r] 燈簍兒
m	m	[məŋ˥˧ məŋ˥˧] 夢夢
n	n	[kəʔ˦ nɑe̯˦˩˨] 隔奶
ɲ^[iv]	nz	[ɲje˧ sɹ̩˨˩] 年時
ŋ	ng	[tswɤu̯˥˧ ŋor˨˩] 裝襖兒
s	s	[sã˨˦ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 山西
ʂ	sh	[ʂje˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 陝西
p	b	[pəŋ˨˩˧ lɑo̯˧] 奔顱
pʰ	p	[pʰo˦˩˨ tu˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 跑肚子
t	d	[twəʔ˧ tã˥˧] 㞘蛋
tʰ	t	[tʰwɑe̯˨˩˧ no˧] 推腦
tɕ	j	[so˦˩˨ tɕjəʔ˧ tɛe̯˥˧] 掃腳底
tɕʰ	q	[tɕʰje˧ ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧] 前晌兒
ts	z	[xwɑe̯˧ tsəʔ˨˩ pɑe̯˨˩˧] 茴子白
tsʰ	c	[pɛe̯˥˧ tsʰɑ˨˩˧ ljəʔ˨˩] 病瘥了
tʂ	zh	[lwəŋ˧ tʂã˥˧] 攏帳
tʂʰ	ch	[tʂʰɑo̯˥˧ kwəʔ˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 臭骨子
x	h	[xxəʔ˨˩ tɕjã˨˩˧ fã˥˧] 黑間飯
ʐ^[v]	r	[njã˦˩˨ ʦɛe̯˨˩˧ ʐər˥˧] 眼睛仁兒

Final consonants
IPA		Pinyin	Examples^[ii]
FC	Rhyme	Pinyin	Examples^[ii]
-ŋ	əŋ	eng	[səŋ˧ u˧ tʂʰɤu̯˨˩] 尋無常
	jəŋ^[vi]	ieng	[ɕjəŋ˥˧ xu˨˩] 杏虎
	wəŋ^[vii]	ueng	[kwəŋ˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩] 滾水
	ɥəŋ^[viii]	yeng	[tɕjəʔ˦ kəʔ˨˩˧ tɕɥəŋ˨˩˧] 腳圪踪
-r	/	r	[sã˨˩ mɤr˥˧] 山蔓兒
-ʔ	ɑʔ	aq	[tʰɑʔ˨˩˧ i˨˩˧ ʂɤu̯˧ təʔ˨˩] 踏衣裳的
	əʔ	eeq	[jã˧ i˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 洋胰子
	jaʔ^[vi]	iaq	[tɕjo˨˦ tsɹ̩˦˩˨ tɕjɑʔ˧] 鉸指甲
	jəʔ^[vi]	ieeq	[sã˨˩˧ tjəʔ˦ swər˨˩] 三滴水兒
	wɑʔ^[vii]	uaq	[swɑʔ˧ jəʔ˧ tɑʔ˧] 刷一搭
	weʔ^[vii]	ueq	[ɕɥe˨˩˧ swəʔ˧] 喧說
	ɥɑʔ^[viii]	yaq	[sã˨˩ tɕɥɑʔ˦ pɑr˦˩˨] 三角板兒
	ɥəʔ^[viii]	yeeq	[ɥəʔ˨˩˧ tɕjəŋ˥˧] 月盡

Vowels
IPA	Pinyin	Examples^[ii]
ɑ	a	[tɑ˨˦ po˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 打飽聲
ɑe̯	ae	[tsɑʔ˧ xɑe̯˥˧] 作害
ɑo̯	ao	[tʰɑo̯˥˧] 透
ã	an	[nã˦˩˨ tsã˥˧ tɕjəŋ˨˩˧] 囔藏經
ɛe̯	e	[tsʰɛe̯˨˩˧ xɤu̯˥˧] 青貨
ə	ee	[kəʔ tu] 圪都
i	i	[mi˦˩˨ tʰɤu̯˨˩˧] 米湯
jɑ^[vi]	ia	[xɤu̯˨˩ ȵjɑ˧] 呵牙
jã^[vi]	ian	[xɑ˥˧ njã˨˩ kʰəʔ˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 下牙殼子
jɑe̯^[vi]	iae	[tsʰuɤ˥˧ tɕjɑe̯˨˩˧] 串街
jɑo̯^[vi]	iao	[ljɑo̯˧ kɑo̯˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 溜溝子
je^[vi]	ie	[ɕje˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩] 頷水
jo^[vi]	io	[sã˥˧ tɕjo˨˩˧] 散交
jɤ^[vi]	ioe	[ljɤ˧ kʰər˨˩] 撩羹兒
jɤu̯^[vi]	ioeu	[tɕjəʔ˧ ljɤu̯˧ mje˥˧] 腳梁面
o	o	[xəʔ˧ lo˦˩˨ fəŋ˨˩˧] 黑老風
ɹ̩^[ix]	ii	[swa˦˩˨ sɹ̩˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 耍獅子
u	u	[jɤ˨˩˧ pu˥˧] 腰布
wɑ^[vii]	ua	[swɑ˦˩˨ mɤ˧ swəʔ˧] 耍魔術
wã^[vii]	uan	[ʂwã˨˩ tʂɛe̯˥˧] 拴正
wɑe̯^[vii]	uae	[wɑe̯˥˧ xɑo̯r˨˩] 外後兒
wɛe̯^[vii]	ue	[səʔ˧ wɛe̯˥˧] 失未
wɤ^[vii]	uoe	[pəʔ˧ nje˧ tsʰwɤ˨˩] 不言喘
wɤu̯^[vii]	uoeu	[lɑʔ˨˩˧ swɤu̯˨˩˧] 落霜
ɤ	oe	[jəʔ˧ pʰɤ˧ ʂɑ˧] 一盤蛇
ɤu̯	oeu	[tã˧ pɤu̯˥˧] 糖棒
y^[x]	y	[tsʰwəʔ˦ ny˦˩˨] 出女
ɥɑ^[viii]	ya	[tɕʰɥɑ˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 瘸子
ɥe^[viii]	ye	[nɑe̯˧ tɕɥe˦˩˨] 挨啳

Tones
IPA	Numeric contours	Tonal categories (sequence)	Examples^[ii]
Stand-alone tones
˨˩˧^[xi]	◌²¹³^[xi]	陰平 (◌¹)	[zo˨˩˧ ɲjo˦˩˨ ɲjo˨˩˧] 搔咬咬
˧	◌³³	陽平 (◌²)	[lo˦˩˨ i˧ xɤu̯˧] 老爺河
˦˩˨	◌⁴¹²	上 (◌³)	[lo˦˩˨ pʰɤ˧ tsʰwɛe̯˦˩˨] 老婆嘴
˥˧	◌⁵³	去 (◌⁴)	[ʂəŋ˥˧ xwər˥˧] 甚會兒
ʔ˧	◌ʔ³	陰入 (◌⁵)	[xɑo̯˧ tʂɑʔ˧ tʰɑo̯r˥˧] 猴指頭兒
ʔ˨˩˧	◌ʔ²¹³	陽入 (◌⁶)	[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 殺剝手
Supplementary tonal changes
˨˩^[xii]	◌²¹^[xii]	輕 (◌⁰)	[lɛe̯˨˦ wə˨˩] 裏物
˨˦	◌²⁴	陰平 (◌¹) or上 (◌³)	[tsʰu˨˦ tɕjã˨˩] 初間
ʔ˦	◌ʔ⁴	陰入 (◌⁵) or 陽入 (◌⁶)	[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 殺剝手

^ ^a ^b 贺雪梅 (2020). "吴堡县篇". In 王建领 (ed.). 陕西方言集成:榆林卷. 商务印书馆. pp. 692–726.
^ ^a ^b ^c 邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). 吴堡方言调查研究. 中华书局. pp. 61–291.

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[Wubu_2020-1] 贺雪梅 (2020). "吴堡县篇". In 王建领 (ed.). 陕西方言集成:榆林卷. 商务印书馆. pp. 692–726.

[Wubu_2014-2] 邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). 吴堡方言调查研究. 中华书局. pp. 61–291.

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