Jacobitism

Jacobitism
Scottish Gaelic: Na Seumasaich Irish: Seacaibíteachas, Na Séamusaigh
James Francis Edward Stuart, Jacobite claimant between 1701 and 1766
Leaders	James II (1688–1701) James Francis Edward Stuart[a] (1701–1766) Charles Edward Stuart [b] (1720–1788) Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807)
Military leaders	Tyrconnell Dundee Saint Ruth Patrick Sarsfield Earl of Mar Thomas Forster Tullibardine Lord George Murray
Dates of operation	1688–1780s
Active regions	British Isles
Ideology	Legitimist support for the senior line of the Stuarts Indefeasible dynastic right Divine right of kings Irish nationalism Scottish nationalism
Allies	Kingdom of Spain (1718–1719)  Kingdom of France (1688–1748) Papal States (until 1788)
Opponents	Kingdom of England (until 1707)  Kingdom of Scotland (until 1707)  Kingdom of Great Britain (from 1707) Kingdom of Ireland
Battles and wars	Jacobite rising of 1689 Williamite War (1689–91) Jacobite rising of 1715–16 Jacobite rising of 1719 Jacobite rising of 1745–46

Jacobitism^[c] was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II of England, which is rendered in Latin as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England decided that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II of England, and her husband William III.^[1] In April, the Scottish Convention held that James "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.^[2]

The Revolution thus created the principle of a contract between monarch and people, which if violated meant the monarch could be removed. Jacobites argued monarchs were appointed by God, or divine right, and could not be removed, making the post-1688 regime illegitimate. While this was the most consistent difference, Jacobitism was a complex mix of ideas, many opposed by the Stuarts themselves. In Ireland, James supported tolerance for Catholicism, but opposed other demands such as Irish autonomy and reversing the 17th-century land settlements. In 1745, clashes between Prince Charles and Scottish Jacobites over the 1707 Union and divine right were central to the internal conflicts that ended Jacobitism as a viable movement.

Outside Ireland, Jacobitism was strongest in the western Scottish Highlands, Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and areas of Northern England with a high proportion of Catholics such as western Lancashire, Northumberland and County Durham.^[3] Sympathisers were also present in parts of Wales, the West Midlands and South West England, to some degree overlapping with areas that were strongly Royalist during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The movement had an international dimension; several European powers sponsored the Jacobites as an extension of larger conflicts, while many Jacobite exiles served in foreign armies.

In addition to the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland and the Jacobite rising of 1689 in Scotland, there were serious revolts in 1715, 1719 and 1745; abortive French-backed invasion attempts in 1708 and 1744; and several unsuccessful plots. While the 1745 rising briefly threatened the Hanoverian monarchy and forced the recall of British troops from Continental Europe, its collapse and withdrawal of French support in 1748 ended Jacobitism as a serious political movement.

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