Late Latin

Late Latin
Augustine of Hippo (354–430), Late Latin author
Native to	(Western) Roman Empire, Ostrogothic Kingdom, Gallic Empire
Region	Mare Nostrum region
Era	3rd–6th centuries; developed into Medieval Latin
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Late Latin
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Italic Proto-Latino-Faliscan Old Latin Classical Latin
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Official language in	Both Roman Empires (Later replaced with Koine Greek in the East)
Regulated by	Schools of grammar and rhetoric
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	late1252
The Late-Latin speaking world, 271 CE

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary^{[citation needed]} Latin of late antiquity.^[1] English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE,^[2][3] and continuing into the 7th century in the Iberian Peninsula.^[1] This somewhat ambiguously defined version of Latin was used between the eras of Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. Scholars do not agree exactly when Classical Latin should end or Medieval Latin should begin.^{[citation needed]}

Being a written language, Late Latin is not the same as Vulgar, or more specifically, the spoken Latin of the post Imperial period. The latter served as ancestor of the Romance languages. Although Late Latin reflects an upsurge of the use of Vulgar Latin vocabulary and constructs, it remains largely classical in its overall features, depending on the author who uses it. Some Late Latin writings are more literary and classical, but others are more inclined to the vernacular. As such it is an important source of information about changes in the spoken language, while not being a simple replication of the state of the oral language at the time.^[4] Also, Late Latin is not identical to Christian patristic Latin, used in the theological writings of the early Christian fathers. While Christian writings used a subset of Late Latin, pagans, such as Ammianus Marcellinus or Macrobius, also wrote extensively in Late Latin, especially in the early part of the period.

Late Latin formed when large numbers of non-Latin-speaking peoples on the borders of the empire were being subsumed and assimilated, and the rise of Christianity was introducing a heightened divisiveness in Roman society, creating a greater need for a standard language for communicating between different socioeconomic registers and widely separated regions of the sprawling empire. A new and more universal speech evolved from the main elements: Classical Latin, Christian Latin, which featured sermo humilis (ordinary speech) in which the people were to be addressed,^[5] and all the various dialects of Vulgar Latin.^[6]

The linguist Antoine Meillet wrote:

"Without the exterior appearance of the language being much modified, Latin became in the course of the imperial epoch a new language... Serving as some sort of lingua franca to a large empire, Latin tended to become simpler, to keep above all what it had of the ordinary."^[7][8]