Back لين مارغوليس Arabic لين مارجوليس ARZ Lynn Margulis AST لین مارقولیس AZB Лін Маргуліс Byelorussian Lynn Margulis BS Lynn Margulis Catalan Lynn Margulisová Czech Lynn Margulis Welsh Lynn Margulis German
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Lynn Margulis | |
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 Margulis in 2005 | |
| Born | Lynn Petra Alexander March 5, 1938 |
| Died | November 22, 2011 (aged 73) Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S. |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biology |
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| Thesis | An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena (1965) |
| Doctoral advisor | Max Alfert |
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander;[1][2] March 5, 1938 – December 22, 2011)[3] was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as synonymous with symbiosis as Charles Darwin's is with evolution."[4] In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nuclei – an event Ernst Mayr called "perhaps the most important and dramatic event in the history of life"[5] – by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Margulis as one of the 50 most important women in science.[6]
Margulis was also the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British chemist James Lovelock, proposing that the Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five-kingdom classification of Robert Whittaker.
Throughout her career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objection (one grant application elicited the response, "Your research is crap. Don't ever bother to apply again.")[4][7] and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals.[8] Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence.
Margulis was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1983. President Bill Clinton presented her the National Medal of Science in 1999. The Linnean Society of London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008.
Called "science's unruly earth mother",[9] a "vindicated heretic",[10] or a scientific "rebel",[11] Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.[12] Her position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins,[13] George C. Williams, and John Maynard Smith.[4]: 30, 67, 74–78, 88–92
Margulis' work on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going back to the mid-19th century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death.
Many of her major works, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan (whose father was Carl Sagan).
- ^ Weber, Bruce (November 24, 2011). "Lynn Margulis, evolution theorist, dies at 73". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^ Lake, James A. (2011). "Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)". Nature. 480 (7378): 458. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..458L. doi:10.1038/480458a. PMID 22193092. S2CID 205069081.
- ^ Schaechter, M (2012). "Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)". Science. 335 (6066): 302. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..302S. doi:10.1126/science.1218027. PMID 22267805. S2CID 36800637.
- ^ a b c Sagan, Dorion, ed. (2012). Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy of a Scientific Rebel. White River Junction: Chelsea Green. ISBN 978-1603584470.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst (2001). What Evolution Is. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 48. ISBN 978-0-465-04426-9.
- ^ Svitil, Kathy (November 13, 2002). "The 50 Most Important Women in Science". Discover Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ^ "Lynn Margulis". The Telegraph. December 13, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BrockmanInterviewwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Mann, C (1991). "Lynn Margulis: Science's unruly Earth mother". Science. 252 (5004): 378–381. Bibcode:1991Sci...252..378M. doi:10.1126/science.252.5004.378. PMID 17740930.
- ^ Barlow, Connie (1992). From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected writings in the life sciences (1st MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-262-52178-9.
- ^ Fiveash, Kelly (November 24, 2011). "'Rebel' biologist and neo-Darwinian skeptic Lynn Margulis dies". The Register. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
- ^ Teresi, Dick (June 17, 2011). "Lynn Margulis says she's not controversial, she's right". Discover Magazine. Discover Interview. No. April 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2023. [Broken link]
- ^ Gilbert, Scott F.; Sapp, Jan; Tauber, Alfred I. (2012). "A Symbiotic View of Life: We have never been individuals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 87 (4): 325–341. doi:10.1086/668166. PMID 23397797. S2CID 14279096.
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