Makemake

136472 Makemake
	Low-resolution image of Makemake by the Hubble Space Telescope, April 2015
Discovery
Discovered by	Michael E. Brown; Chad Trujillo; David Rabinowitz;
Discovery date	March 31, 2005
Designations
MPC designation	(136472) Makemake
Pronunciation	UK: /ˌmækiˈmæki/, US: /ˌmɑːkiˈmɑːki/ or /ˌmɑːkeɪˈmɑːkeɪ/ ⓘ
Named after	Makemake
Alternative designations	2005 FY9
Minor planet category	Dwarf planet; TNO; cubewano; scattered-near
Adjectives	Makemakean
Symbol	(mostly astrological)
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch May 31, 2020; (JD 2458900.5)
Earliest precovery date	January 29, 1955
Aphelion	52.756 AU (7.8922 Tm)
Perihelion	38.104 AU (5.7003 Tm)
Semi-major axis	45.430 AU (6.7962 Tm)
Eccentricity	0.16126
Orbital period (sidereal)	306.21 yr (111,845 d)
Average orbital speed	4.419 km/s
Mean anomaly	165.514°
Inclination	28.9835°
Longitude of ascending node	79.620°
Time of perihelion	17 November 2186
Argument of perihelion	294.834°
Known satellites	1
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	(1434+48; −18) × projected (1420+18; −24 km)
Mean radius	715+19; −11 km;
Flattening	0.0098
Surface area	6.42×106 km2
Volume	1.53×109 km3
Mass	≈ 3.1×1021 kg
Mean density	≈ 1.7 g/cm3 (using Ortiz et al. 2012 radius); ≈ 2.1 g/cm3 (using Brown 2013 radius)
Equatorial surface gravity	< 0.57 m/s2
Equatorial escape velocity	< 0.91 km/s
Sidereal rotation period	22.8266±0.0001 h
Geometric albedo	0.82±0.02 geometric; 0.74±0.06 Bond
Temperature	32–36 K (single-terrain model); 40–44 K (two-terrain model)
Spectral type	B−V=0.83, V−R=0.5
Apparent magnitude	17.0 (opposition)
Absolute magnitude (H)	−0.12; 0.049±0.020

Makemake^[e] (minor-planet designation: 136472 Makemake) is a dwarf planet and the second-largest of what is known as the classical population of Kuiper belt objects,^[b] with a diameter approximately that of Saturn's moon Iapetus, or 60% that of Pluto.^[24]^[25] It has one known satellite.^[26] Its extremely low average temperature, about 40 K (−230 °C), means its surface is covered with methane, ethane, and possibly nitrogen ices.^[21] Makemake shows signs of geothermal activity and thus may be capable of supporting active geology and harboring an active subsurface ocean.^[27]

Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005 by a team led by Michael E. Brown, and announced on July 29, 2005. It was initially known as 2005 FY₉ and later given the minor-planet number 136472. In July 2008, it was named after Makemake, a creator god in the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, under the expectation by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarf planet.^[25]^[28]^[29]^[30]

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^ "volume ellipsoid 717x717x710 – Wolfram-Alpha". Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
^ ^a ^b Parker et al. (2018) The Mass, Density, and Figure of the Kuiper Belt Dwarf Planet Makemake
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^ https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-uncover-surprising-activity-on-the-dwarf-planets-eris-and-makemake/
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[4] Podcast Dwarf Planet Haumea Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine (Darin Ragozzine, at 3′11″)

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[8] Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, no. 3-5 (1953)

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[surfacecalc-15] "surface ellipsoid 717x717x710 – Wolfram-Alpha". Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-22.

[volumecalc-16] "volume ellipsoid 717x717x710 – Wolfram-Alpha". Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-22.

[Parker2018-17] Parker et al. (2018) The Mass, Density, and Figure of the Kuiper Belt Dwarf Planet Makemake

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[32] ttps://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-uncover-surprising-activity-on-the-dwarf-planets-eris-and-makemake/

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Discovery
Low-resolution image of Makemake by the Hubble Space Telescope, April 2015
Discovered by	Michael E. Brown Chad Trujillo David Rabinowitz
Discovery date	March 31, 2005
Designations
MPC designation	(136472) Makemake
Pronunciation	UK: /ˌmækiˈmæki/, US: /ˌmɑːkiˈmɑːki/ or /ˌmɑːkeɪˈmɑːkeɪ/ ^ⓘ^[a]
Named after	Makemake
Alternative designations	2005 FY₉
Minor planet category	Dwarf planet TNO cubewano^[5] scattered-near^[b]
Adjectives	Makemakean^[6]^[7]
Symbol	(mostly astrological)
Orbital characteristics^[8]
Epoch May 31, 2020 (JD 2458900.5)
Earliest precovery date	January 29, 1955
Aphelion	52.756 AU (7.8922 Tm)
Perihelion	38.104 AU (5.7003 Tm)
Semi-major axis	45.430 AU (6.7962 Tm)
Eccentricity	0.16126
Orbital period (sidereal)	306.21 yr (111,845 d)
Average orbital speed	4.419 km/s
Mean anomaly	165.514°
Inclination	28.9835°
Longitude of ascending node	79.620°
Time of perihelion	17 November 2186^[9]
Argument of perihelion	294.834°
Known satellites	1
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	(1434+48 −18) × projected (1420+18 −24 km)^[10]
Mean radius	715+19 −11 km^[10]
Flattening	0.0098^[c]
Surface area	6.42×10⁶ km²^[d]^[11]
Volume	1.53×10⁹ km³^[d]^[12]
Mass	≈ 3.1×10²¹ kg^[13]
Mean density	≈ 1.7 g/cm³ (using Ortiz et al. 2012 radius) ≈ 2.1 g/cm³ (using Brown 2013 radius^[10])^[13]
Equatorial surface gravity	< 0.57 m/s²
Equatorial escape velocity	< 0.91 km/s
Sidereal rotation period	22.8266±0.0001 h^[14]
Geometric albedo	0.82±0.02 geometric^[14] 0.74±0.06 Bond^[15]
Temperature	32–36 K (single-terrain model) 40–44 K (two-terrain model)^[16]
Spectral type	B−V=0.83, V−R=0.5^[17]
Apparent magnitude	17.0 (opposition)^[18]^[19]
Absolute magnitude (H)	−0.12^[8] 0.049±0.020^[14]