Neuroenhancement

Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who do not have a mental illness.^[1]^[2] Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological, mood, or motor benefits beyond normal functioning.

Pharmacological neuroenhancement agents may include compounds thought to be nootropics, such as modafinil,^[1]^[3] caffeine,^[4]^[5] and other drugs used for treating people with neurological disorders.^[6]

Non-pharmacological measures of cognitive enhancement may include behavioral methods (activities, techniques, and changes),^[7] non-invasive brain stimulation, which has been used with the intent to improve cognitive and affective functions,^[8] and brain-machine interfaces.^[9]

^ ^a ^b Battleday R, Brem AK (28 July 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: a systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811. S2CID 23319688.
^ Veit W (2018). "Cognitive Enhancement and the Threat of Inequality". Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2 (4): 404–410. doi:10.1007/s41465-018-0108-x. S2CID 158643005.
^ Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Mir H, Alawar H, Babiloni F, Al-Nashash H (August 2019). "Vigilance Decrement and Enhancement Techniques: A Review". Brain Sciences. 9 (8): 178. doi:10.3390/brainsci9080178. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC 6721323. PMID 31357524.
^ Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014). "Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation". Pharmacological Reviews. 66 (1): 193–221. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007054. PMC 3880463. PMID 24344115.
^ Cite error: The named reference becker was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Repantis D, Laisney O, Heuser I (June 2010). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review". Pharmacological Research. 61 (6): 473–481. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.009. PMID 20193764.
^ Jangwan NS, Ashraf GM, Ram V, Singh V, Alghamdi BS, Abuzenadah AM, et al. (2022). "Brain augmentation and neuroscience technologies: current applications, challenges, ethics and future prospects". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495. PMC 9538357. PMID 36211589.
^ Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, et al. (2022). "Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement". Clinical Neurophysiology Practice. 7: 146–165. doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002. ISSN 2467-981X. PMC 9207555. PMID 35734582.
^ Nair P (2013-11-12). "Brain–machine interface". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (46): 18343. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11018343N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319310110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3831969. PMID 24222678.

[Modafini-1] Battleday R, Brem AK (28 July 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: a systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811. S2CID 23319688.

[Veit_2018_Cognitive-2] Veit W (2018). "Cognitive Enhancement and the Threat of Inequality". Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2 (4): 404–410. doi:10.1007/s41465-018-0108-x. S2CID 158643005.

[10.3390/brainsci9080178-3] Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Mir H, Alawar H, Babiloni F, Al-Nashash H (August 2019). "Vigilance Decrement and Enhancement Techniques: A Review". Brain Sciences. 9 (8): 178. doi:10.3390/brainsci9080178. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC 6721323. PMID 31357524.

[wood-4] Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014). "Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation". Pharmacological Reviews. 66 (1): 193–221. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007054. PMC 3880463. PMID 24344115.

[becker-5] Cite error: The named reference becker was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[B-6] Repantis D, Laisney O, Heuser I (June 2010). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review". Pharmacological Research. 61 (6): 473–481. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.009. PMID 20193764.

[10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495-7] Jangwan NS, Ashraf GM, Ram V, Singh V, Alghamdi BS, Abuzenadah AM, et al. (2022). "Brain augmentation and neuroscience technologies: current applications, challenges, ethics and future prospects". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495. PMC 9538357. PMID 36211589.

[antal-8] Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, et al. (2022). "Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement". Clinical Neurophysiology Practice. 7: 146–165. doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002. ISSN 2467-981X. PMC 9207555. PMID 35734582.

[9] Nair P (2013-11-12). "Brain–machine interface". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (46): 18343. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11018343N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319310110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3831969. PMID 24222678.

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