Northumbria

Kingdom of Northumbria
*Norþanhymbra rīċe* (Old English)
*Regnum Northanhymbrorum* (Latin)
Kingdom of Northumbria Norþanhymbra rīċe (Old English); Regnum Northanhymbrorum (Latin)
654–954
	Northumbria around 700 AD
Status	Unified Anglian kingdom (654–867); North:; Independent Anglian ruled territory (after 867); South:; Viking-ruled York (867–927; 939–944; 947–954)
Common languages	Old English; Cumbric; Latin; Old Norse (in Scandinavian York)
Religion	Paganism (before 7th century); Christianity (after 7th century)
Demonym(s)	Northumbrian
Government	Monarchy
King of Northumbria
History
• Established	654
• South is annexed by the Danelaw	867
• South merges with Wessex	927
• South is annexed by Kingdom of England	954
Currency	Sceat, penny
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Bernicia
	Deira
Kingdom of England
Today part of	United Kingdom England; Scotland; ;

Northumbria (/nɔːrˈθʌmbriə/; Old English: Norþanhymbra rīċe [ˈnorˠðɑnˌhymbrɑ ˈriːt͡ʃe]; Latin: Regnum Northanhymbrorum)^[5] was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.

The name derives from the Old English Norþanhymbre meaning "the people or province north of the Humber",^[6] as opposed to the people south of the Humber Estuary. Northumbria started to consolidate into one kingdom in the early seventh century, when the two earlier core territories of Deira and Bernicia entered into a dynastic union. At its height, the kingdom extended from the Humber, Peak District and the River Mersey on the south to the Firth of Forth on the north. Northumbria ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century when Deira was conquered by the Danes and formed into the Kingdom of York. The rump Earldom of Bamburgh maintained control of Bernicia for a period of time; however, the area north of the Tweed was eventually absorbed into the medieval Kingdom of Scotland while the portion south of the Tweed was absorbed into the Kingdom of England as the county of Northumberland and County Palatine of Durham.

^ The Archaeology of the Danelaw : an introduction (PDF). James Graham-Campbell. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 71
^ Green, Adrian (2007). Regional Identities in North-East England, 1300–2000. Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 223. ISBN 9781843833352. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt9qdh4m. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ Molyneaux, George (2014). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–249. ISBN 9780198717911.
^ Bede 1898 Book I, chapter 34
^ Bosworth 1898, p. 725

[1] The Archaeology of the Danelaw : an introduction (PDF). James Graham-Campbell. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

[starkey71-2] Starkey, Monarchy, p. 71

[3] Green, Adrian (2007). Regional Identities in North-East England, 1300–2000. Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 223. ISBN 9781843833352. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt9qdh4m. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[4] Molyneaux, George (2014). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–249. ISBN 9780198717911.

[5] Bede 1898 Book I, chapter 34

[6] Bosworth 1898, p. 725

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