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Space Launch System

This article is about the NASA rocket family. For the similarly-named US Air Force project of the 1960s, see Space Launching System. For Turkey's UFS satellite launcher, see Space Launch System (Turkey). For the general topic, see space launcher.

Space Launch System
NASA's Space Launch System launching Artemis I with a bright trail of flame.
SLS Block 1 with the Orion spacecraft launching from Pad 39B
FunctionSuper heavy-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerAerojet Rocketdyne
Northrop Grumman
Boeing
United Launch Alliance
Country of originUnited States
Project costUS$23.8 billion nominal[1]
Cost per launchOver US$2 billion excluding development (estimate) [note 1][2][3]: 23–24 [4][1]
Cost per yearUS$2.555 billion for FY 2021[5]
Size
HeightBlock 1 Crew: 322 ft (98 m)
Block 2 Cargo: 365 ft (111 m)
Diameter27.6 ft (8.4 m), Core stage [6]
16.7 ft (5.1 m), ICPS [7]
Mass5,750,000 lb (2,610 t)[8]
Stages2.5
Maximum thrust39,000,000 N (39 MN; 4,000 tf; 8,800,000 lbf) (Total first stage thrust.)[9]
Capacity
Payload to LEO [note 2]
Mass
  • Block 1: 209,000 lb (95 t)[11]
  • Block 1B: 231,000 lb (105 t)[12][13]
  • Block 2: 290,000 lb (130 t)[14]
Payload to trans-lunar injection
Mass
  • Block 1: > 59,500 lb (27 t)[15][16]
  • Block 1B Crew: 83,700 lb (38 t)
  • Block 1B Cargo: 92,500 lb (42 t)
  • Block 2 Crew: > 94,700 lb (43 t)
  • Block 2 Cargo: > 101,400 lb (46 t)
Associated rockets
Based on
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
Total launches1
Success(es)1
First flight16 November 2022, 1:47:44 am EST (6:47:44 am UTC)[17]
Type of passengers/cargoOrion
Stage info
Boosters (Block 1, 1B)
No. boosters2 five-segment Solid Rocket Boosters
Height177 ft (54 m)[18]
Diameter12 ft (3.7 m)
Gross mass730 t (1,600,000 lb)[18]
Powered bySolid fuel
Maximum thrustSea level: 3,280,000 lbf (14.6 MN; 1,490 tf)
Vacuum: 3,600,000 lbf (16 MN; 1,600 tf)[19]
Total thrustSea level: 6,560,000 lbf (29.2 MN; 2,980 tf)
Vacuum: 7,200,000 lbf (32 MN; 3,300 tf)
Specific impulse269 s (2.64 km/s)
Burn time126 seconds
PropellantPBAN, APCP
First stage (Block 1, 1B, 2) – Core stage
Height212 ft (65 m)[20]
Diameter27.6 ft (8.4 m)
Empty mass187,990 lb (85 t)
Gross mass2,365,000 lb (1,073 t)
Powered by4 RS-25D/E
Maximum thrustSea level: 1,672,000 lbf (7.44 MN; 758 tf)[21]
Vacuum: 2,049,200 lbf (9.115 MN; 929.5 tf)[21]
Specific impulseSea level: 366 s (3.59 km/s)[21]
Vacuum: 452 s (4.43 km/s)[21]
Burn time480 seconds
PropellantLH2 / LOX
Second stage (Block 1) – ICPS
Height45 ft (13.7 m)[22]
Diameter16 ft (5 m) (LH2 tank) 10 ft (3.2 m) (LOX tank)[23]
Empty mass3,490 kg (7,690 lb)[24]
Gross mass32,066 kg (70,693 lb)
Powered by1 RL10B-2/C-2
Maximum thrust24,800 lbf (110.1 kN)
Specific impulse465.5 s (4.565 km/s)[25]
Burn time1125 seconds
PropellantLH2 / LOX
Second stage (Block 1B, Block 2) – Exploration Upper Stage
Height57 ft (17.3 m)[24]
Diameter28 ft (8.4 m) (LH2 tank) 18 ft (5.5 m) (LOX tank)[26]
Powered by4 RL10C-3, later 4 RL10C-X
Maximum thrust91,500 lbf (407.2 kN)
Burn time
  • 350 seconds (LEO ascent)
  • 925 seconds (TLI burn)
PropellantLH2 / LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis 1, which took place on 16 November 2022.[27][17]

Development of SLS began in 2011, as a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle as well as the cancelled Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles.[28][29][30] As a Shuttle-derived vehicle, the SLS reuses hardware from the Shuttle program, including the solid rocket boosters and RS-25 first stage engines. A Congressionally mandated late 2016 launch was delayed by nearly 6 years.[31]

All Space Launch System flights are launched from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The first three SLS flights use the Block 1 configuration, comprising a core stage, extended Space Shuttle boosters developed for Ares I and the ICPS upper stage. An improved Block 1B configuration, with the Exploration Upper Stage, is planned to debut on the fourth flight; a further improved Block 2 configuration featuring new solid rocket boosters is planned to debut on the ninth flight.[32][33][34][35][11] After the launch of Artemis 4, NASA plans to transfer production and launch operations of SLS to Deep Space Transport LLC, a joint venture between Boeing and Northrop Grumman.[36]

  1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference doesnotdeny was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference whitehouse was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference warning was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference FY2021_SpendPlan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ NASA (27 October 2021). "Space Launch System Core Stage". nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  7. ^ NASA (18 November 2021). "Space Launch System Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS)". nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  8. ^ "SLS October 2015 Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  9. ^ NASA's Space Launch System Reference Guide v2.0 NASA pub. SLS-4071 NP-2022-08-65-MSFC. Page 5. August, 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  10. ^ "2018 draft factsheet of SLS capabilities" (PDF). NASA. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference NASA 2018 Update was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference slsfact-20171011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference SLSBoeingPresentation2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference creech-2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference SLS_Overview was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference SLS_Lift_Capacity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference nasa-blog-20221108 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference SRBSheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference SLS Booster Development was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference SLSCoreStageFactSheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference RS-25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference ICPS_ULA_Infographic_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Delta IV Launch Services User's Guide" (PDF). United Launch Alliance. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  24. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference SLS_Specs_SFI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference RL10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ "1 year down, a galaxy to go". Boeing. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  27. ^ Gebhardt, Chris; Burghardt, Thomas (16 November 2022). "SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference senatebill was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference SFN20110331 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference SR-20131125 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference PL-111-267 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference ASG-2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference nsf-20170406 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference NASA-20170512 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference NASA-20190815 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Potter, Sean Sean (27 July 2022). "NASA Prepares for Space Launch System Rocket Services Contract". NASA. Retrieved 10 August 2022.


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