Islamic State

Islamic State
الدولة الإسلامية
ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah
Also known asIS, ISIS, ISIL, Daesh
FounderAbu Musab al-Zarqawi [2]
Leaders
Dates of operation
1999–present
Group(s)

Unorganized cells

HeadquartersUnknown (March 2019 – present)
Former
Active regionsMap – refer to following caption
IS territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015)[45]
Map legend
  •   Islamic State
  •   Syrian government
  •   Lebanese government
  •   Iraqi Kurdistan forces
  • Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
Ideology
SloganBaqiya wa Tatamadad (Remaining and Expanding)
StatusActive
Size
List of combatant numbers
  • Inside Syria and Iraq:
    • 5,000–10,000[96] (UN Security Council 2019 report)
    • 28,600–31,600 (July 2018)[97] (2016 US Defense Department estimate)
    • 200,000[98][99] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)
    • 100,000[100][99] (2015 Jihadist claim)
    • 35,000–100,000[101] (at peak, US State Department estimate)
  • Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
  • Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
Civilian population
  • In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[102][103]
  • In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[104]
AlliesSee section
Opponents
Battles and wars

Primary target of

The Islamic State (IS),[b] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and a former unrecognised quasi-state.[148] Its origins were in the Jai'sh al-Taifa al-Mansurah organization founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, which fought alongside al-Qaeda during the Iraqi insurgency. The group gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants successfully captured large territories in northwestern Iraq[149][150][151] and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing Syrian civil war.[152][153][154] By the end of 2015, it ruled an area with an estimated population of twelve million people,[102][103][155] where it enforced its extremist interpretation of Islamic law, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.[156]

After a protracted and intense conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all its Middle Eastern territories by 2019. It subsequently reverted to insurgency tactics, operating from remote hideouts while continuing its propaganda efforts. These efforts have garnered it a significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa.[157][158]

Between 2004 and 2013, IS was allied to al-Qaeda (primarily under the name "Islamic State of Iraq") and participated in the Iraqi insurgency against the American occupation. The group later changed its name to "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" for about a year,[159][160] before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate,[161][162] called simply the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah).[163] As a self-proclaimed caliphate, it demanded the religious, political, and military obedience of Muslims worldwide,[164] despite the rejection of its legitimacy by mainstream Muslims and its statehood by the United Nations and most governments.[165]

Over the following years, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces pushed back the IS and degraded its financial and military infrastructure,[166] assisted by advisors, weapons, training, supplies and airstrikes by the American-led coalition,[167] and later by Russian airstrikes, bombings, cruise missile attacks and scorched-earth tactics across Syria, which focused mostly on razing Syrian opposition strongholds rather than IS bases.[168] By March 2019, IS lost the last of its territories in West Asia, although it maintained a significant territorial presence in Africa as of 2023.[169]

Designated a terrorist organization by the United Nations and others, IS was known for its massive human rights violations. During its rule in Northern Iraq, it launched a genocide against Yazidis, engaged in persecution of Christians and Shia Muslims; publicized videos of beheadings of soldiers, journalists, and aid workers; and destroyed several cultural sites. The group has also perpetrated massacres in territories outside of its control in events widely described as terrorist attacks, such as the November 2015 Paris attacks and the Crocus City Hall attack in March 2024.

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