Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
	Pig belly fat (white)
	Adipose tissue is one of the main types of connective tissue.
Pronunciation	/ˈædɪˌpoʊs/ ⓘ
Identifiers
MeSH	D000273
FMA	20110
	Anatomical terminology

Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.^[1]^[2] It also contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body.

Previously treated as being hormonally inert, in recent years adipose tissue has been recognized as a major endocrine organ,^[3] as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and cytokines (especially TNFα).^[2] In obesity, adipose tissue is implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as adipokines, which are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome—a constellation of diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.^[2]^[4]

Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes and its formation appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. Adipose tissue—more specifically brown adipose tissue—was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551.^[5]

^ Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013). "Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation". Stem Cells and Development. 22 (16): 2298–2314. doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0647. PMC 3730538. PMID 23517218.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC (January 2022). "Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations". Endocrine Reviews. 43 (1): 35–60. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab018. PMC 8755996. PMID 34100954.
^ Kershaw EE, Flier JS (June 2004). "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (6): 2548–2556. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0395. PMID 15181022.
^ Mancuso P (May 2016). "The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation". ImmunoTargets and Therapy. 5 (2016): 47–56. doi:10.2147/ITT.S73223. PMC 4970637. PMID 27529061.
^ Cannon B, Nedergaard J (August 2008). "Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh". Nature. 454 (7207): 947–948. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..947C. doi:10.1038/454947a. PMID 18719573. S2CID 205040511.

[Birbrair_2298–2314-1] Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013). "Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation". Stem Cells and Development. 22 (16): 2298–2314. doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0647. PMC 3730538. PMID 23517218.

[:1-2] Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC (January 2022). "Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations". Endocrine Reviews. 43 (1): 35–60. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab018. PMC 8755996. PMID 34100954.

[3] Kershaw EE, Flier JS (June 2004). "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (6): 2548–2556. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0395. PMID 15181022.

[4] Mancuso P (May 2016). "The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation". ImmunoTargets and Therapy. 5 (2016): 47–56. doi:10.2147/ITT.S73223. PMC 4970637. PMID 27529061.

[5] Cannon B, Nedergaard J (August 2008). "Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh". Nature. 454 (7207): 947–948. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..947C. doi:10.1038/454947a. PMID 18719573. S2CID 205040511.

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