Al-Walid I

al-Walid I الوليد الأول
Amir al-Mu'minin Khalifat Allah
Gold dinar of al-Walid, minted in Damascus, 707/08 CE
6th Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate
Reign	9 October 705 – 23 February 715
Predecessor	Abd al-Malik
Successor	Sulayman
Born	c. 674 Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 February 715 (aged c. 41) Dayr Murran, Damascus, Syria
Burial	Bab al-Saghir or Bab al-Faradis, Damascus
Spouses	Umm al-Banin bint Abd al-Aziz Umm ʿAbdallāh bint ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān ʿIzza bint ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAmr ibn ʿUthman Nafīsa bint Zayd ibn al-Ḥaṣan Zaynab bint al-Ḥaṣan ibn al-Ḥaṣan Āmīna bint Sāʾīd ibn al-ʿĀs Shah-i-Afrid bint Peroz III (concubine) Budayra (concubine)
Issue	al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ʿUmar Bishr Masrūr Yazid Ibrahim ʿAnbāsa Marwān Muḥammad ʿĀʾisha (daughter) Rawḥ Khālid Maslama Mansūr Tammām Mubashshir Jazʾ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Yaḥyā Abū ʿUbayda Ṣadaqā
Names Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān
House	Marwanid
Dynasty	Umayyad
Father	ʿAbd al-Malīk
Mother	Wallāda bint al-ʿAbbās ibn al-Jazʾ
Religion	Islam

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Arabic: الوليد بن عبد الملك بن مروان, romanized: al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; c. 674 – 23 February 715),^[a] commonly known as al-Walid I (Arabic: الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715. He was the eldest son of his predecessor, Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). As a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca. He became heir apparent in c. 705, after the death of the designated successor, Abd al-Malik's brother Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan.

Under al-Walid, his father's efforts to centralize government, impose a more Arabic and Islamic character on the state, and expand its borders were continued. He heavily depended on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the caliphate. During his reign, armies commissioned by al-Hajjaj conquered Sind and Transoxiana in the east, while the troops of Musa ibn Nusayr, the governor of Ifriqiya, conquered the Maghreb and Hispania in the west, bringing the caliphate to its largest territorial extent. War spoils from the conquests enabled al-Walid to finance impressive public works, including his greatest architectural achievement, the Great Mosque of Damascus, as well as the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He was the first caliph to institute programs for social welfare, aiding the poor and handicapped among the Muslim Arabs of Syria, who held him in high esteem.

His reign was marked by domestic peace and prosperity and likely represented the peak of Umayyad power, though it is difficult to ascertain his direct role in its affairs. The balance al-Walid maintained among the elites, including the Qays and Yaman army factions, may have been his key personal achievement. On the other hand, the massive military expenditures of his rule, as well as his extravagant grants to the Umayyad princes, became a financial burden on his successors.

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