Alcohol and health

Alcohol (also known as ethanol) has a number of effects on health. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication and dehydration. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes in the metabolism of the liver and brain, several types of cancer and alcohol use disorder.^[1] Alcohol intoxication affects the brain, causing slurred speech, clumsiness, and delayed reflexes. There is an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder for teenagers while their brain is still developing.^[2] Adolescents who drink have a higher probability of injury including death.^[2]

Even light to moderate alcohol consumption can have negative effects on health,^[3]^[4]^[5] such as by increasing a person's risk of developing several cancers.^[6]^[7] A 2014 World Health Organization report found that harmful alcohol consumption caused about 3.3 million deaths annually worldwide.^[8] Negative effects are related to the amount consumed with no safe lower limit seen.^[9] Some nations have introduced alcohol packaging warning messages that inform consumers about alcohol and cancer, as well as fetal alcohol syndrome.^[10]

The median lethal dose of alcohol in test animals is a blood alcohol content of 0.45%. This is about six times the level of ordinary intoxication (0.08%), but vomiting or unconsciousness may occur much sooner in people who have a low tolerance for alcohol.^[11] The high tolerance of chronic heavy drinkers may allow some of them to remain conscious at levels above 0.40%, although serious health hazards are incurred at this level.

Alcohol also limits the production of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) from the hypothalamus and the secretion of this hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. This is what causes severe dehydration when alcohol is consumed in large amounts. It also causes a high concentration of water in the urine and vomit, and the intense thirst that goes along with a hangover.

^ Williams, Roger; Alexander, Graeme; Aspinall, Richard; et al. (1 December 2018). "Gathering momentum for the way ahead: fifth report of the Lancet Standing Commission on Liver Disease in the UK". Lancet. 392 (10162): 2398–2412. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32561-3. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 30473364. S2CID 53715414.
^ ^a ^b "Risks of Adolescent Alcohol Use". HHS.gov. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ "No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health". www.euro.who.int. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "No alcohol safe to drink, global study confirms". BBC News. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Stories, Daily Health (20 November 2018). "Study: No Level of Alcohol is Safe". Cleveland Clinic Newsroom. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Cheryl Platzman Weinstock (8 November 2017). "Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 November 2018. The ASCO statement, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, cautions that while the greatest risks are seen with heavy long-term use, even low alcohol consumption (defined as less than one drink per day) or moderate consumption (up to two drinks per day for men, and one drink per day for women because they absorb and metabolize it differently) can increase cancer risk. Among women, light drinkers have a four percent increased risk of[breast cancer, while moderate drinkers have a 23 percent increased risk of the disease.
^ Noelle K. LoConte; Abenaa M. Brewster; Judith S. Kaur; Janette K. Merrill; Anthony J. Alberg (7 November 2017). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (1). Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.
^ "Global status report on alcohol and health" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. vii. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ Griswold, MG; Fullman, N; Hawley, C; Arian, N; Zimsen, SM; et al. (August 2018). "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". The Lancet. 392 (10152): 1015–1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. PMC 6148333. PMID 30146330.
^ "Cancer warning labels to be included on alcohol in Ireland, minister confirms". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. Belfast Telegraph. 26 September 2018.
^ Meyer, Jerold S. and Linda F. Quenzer. Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts. 2005. Page 228.

[1] Williams, Roger; Alexander, Graeme; Aspinall, Richard; et al. (1 December 2018). "Gathering momentum for the way ahead: fifth report of the Lancet Standing Commission on Liver Disease in the UK". Lancet. 392 (10162): 2398–2412. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32561-3. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 30473364. S2CID 53715414.

[Risks_of_Adolescent_Alcohol_Use-2] "Risks of Adolescent Alcohol Use". HHS.gov. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

[3] "No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health". www.euro.who.int. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[4] "No alcohol safe to drink, global study confirms". BBC News. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

[5] Stories, Daily Health (20 November 2018). "Study: No Level of Alcohol is Safe". Cleveland Clinic Newsroom. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

[Weinstock2017-6] Cheryl Platzman Weinstock (8 November 2017). "Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 November 2018. The ASCO statement, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, cautions that while the greatest risks are seen with heavy long-term use, even low alcohol consumption (defined as less than one drink per day) or moderate consumption (up to two drinks per day for men, and one drink per day for women because they absorb and metabolize it differently) can increase cancer risk. Among women, light drinkers have a four percent increased risk of[breast cancer, while moderate drinkers have a 23 percent increased risk of the disease.

[LoConte2017-7] Noelle K. LoConte; Abenaa M. Brewster; Judith S. Kaur; Janette K. Merrill; Anthony J. Alberg (7 November 2017). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (1). Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.

[8] "Global status report on alcohol and health" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. vii. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

[Lancet2018GBD-9] Griswold, MG; Fullman, N; Hawley, C; Arian, N; Zimsen, SM; et al. (August 2018). "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". The Lancet. 392 (10152): 1015–1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. PMC 6148333. PMID 30146330.

[10] "Cancer warning labels to be included on alcohol in Ireland, minister confirms". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. Belfast Telegraph. 26 September 2018.

[psychopharm-11] Meyer, Jerold S. and Linda F. Quenzer. Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts. 2005. Page 228.

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