Crusader tank

Tank, Cruiser, Mk VI, Crusader
A Crusader III on display at The Tank Museum
Type	Cruiser tank
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1941–1949
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Nuffield
Designed	1939/1940
Manufacturer	Nuffield Mechanizations and Aero Ltd
Produced	1940–1943
No. built	5,300
Specifications
Mass	18.8 to 19.7 long tons (19.1 to 20.0 t)
Length	20 ft 8.5 in[1] (5.97 m)[a]
Width	9 ft 1 in (2.77 m)[b]
Height	7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
Crew	Mk III: 3 (Commander, gunner, driver) Mk I, II: 4 or 5 (+ Loader, hull gunner)
Armour	Mk I: 40 mm Mk II: 49 mm III: 51 mm[c]
Main armament	Mk I, II: Ordnance QF 2-pounder (40 mm) with 110 rounds Mk III: Ordnance QF 6-pounder (57 mm) with 65 rounds
Secondary armament	1 or 2 × Besa machine gun 4,950 rounds[1]
Engine	Nuffield Liberty Mark II, III, or IV 27-litre V-12 petrol engine 340 bhp (250 kW) at 1,500 rpm
Power/weight	17 hp (13 kW) / tonne
Transmission	Nuffield constant mesh 4-speed-and-reverse
Suspension	Christie helical spring
Ground clearance	1 ft 4 in (0.41 m)
Fuel capacity	110 Imperial gallons in 3 fuel tanks (+30 auxiliary)
Operational range	141 mi (227 km) on roads with auxiliary tanks 65 mi (105 km) cross country[2]
Maximum speed	26 mph (42 km/h) (road) 15 mph (24 km/h) (off-road)
Steering system	Wilson epicyclic steering

Crusader, in full "Tank, Cruiser Mk VI, Crusader", also known by its General Staff number A.15, was one of the primary British cruiser tanks during the early part of the Second World War. Over 5,000 tanks were manufactured and they made important contributions to the British victories during the North African campaign. The Crusader tank would not see active service beyond Africa but the chassis of the tank was modified to create anti-aircraft, fire support, observation, communication, bulldozer and recovery vehicle variants.

The first Crusader Mark I tanks entered service in 1941 and though manoeuvrable, they were relatively lightly armoured and under-armed. The following Crusader Mark II had a maximum armour of 49 mm (1.9 in). The main armament for the Crusader Mark I and IIs was a 40 mm Ordnance QF 2-pounder gun; the following Crusader Mark III was fitted with a 57 mm Ordnance QF 6-pounder gun at the expense of one member of the crew in the turret. This variant was more than a match for the mid-generation German Panzer III and Panzer IV medium tanks that it faced in combat. As part of the 1st Armoured Brigade, the Crusader was to prove vital during the Second Battle of El Alamein, at the siege of Tobruk and in the Tunisia campaign.

Retained in service because of delays with its replacement, by late 1942, the lack of armament upgrades, plus reliability problems due to the harsh desert conditions and the appearance of uparmoured and upgunned German tanks in the Afrika Korps, saw the Crusader replaced as the main tank by US-supplied M3 Grant and then by the M4 Sherman medium tanks but it was retained in combat use until the end of the war in North Africa and after that for training in Britain.

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