Denial and deception

Denial and deception (D&D) is a Western theoretical framework^[1] for conceiving and analyzing military intelligence techniques pertaining to secrecy and deception.^[2] Originating in the 1980s, it is roughly based on the more pragmatic Soviet practices of maskirovka (which preceded the D&D conceptualization by decades) but it has a more theoretical approach compared to the latter.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Hutchinson, William. (2004) "The Influence of Maskirovka on Contemporary Western Deception Theory and Practice." Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Information Warfare and Security. ISBN 0-9547096-2-4.
^ Donald C.F. Daniel (2005). "Denial and Deception". In Jennifer E. Sims; Burton L. Gerber (eds.). Transforming U. S. Intelligence. Georgetown University Press. pp. 134–141. ISBN 1-58901-477-4.

[Hutchinson-1] Hutchinson, William. (2004) "The Influence of Maskirovka on Contemporary Western Deception Theory and Practice." Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Information Warfare and Security. ISBN 0-9547096-2-4.

[Daniel2005-2] Donald C.F. Daniel (2005). "Denial and Deception". In Jennifer E. Sims; Burton L. Gerber (eds.). Transforming U. S. Intelligence. Georgetown University Press. pp. 134–141. ISBN 1-58901-477-4.

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