Environmental Modification Convention

Environmental Modification (ENMOD) Convention

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
Participation in the Environmental Modification Convention   Parties   Only signed   Non-signatory
Drafted	10 December 1976
Signed	18 May 1977
Location	Geneva, Switzerland
Effective	5 October 1978
Condition	Ratification by 20 states
Signatories	48
Parties	78[1] (complete list)
Depositary	Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages	English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish
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Environmental Modification Convention at Wikisource

The Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. It opened for signature on 18 May 1977 in Geneva and entered into force on 5 October 1978.

The Convention bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction. The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 would also ban some forms of weather modification or geoengineering.^[2]

Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides in warfare, such as Agent Orange, but it does require case-by-case consideration.^[3]