Gender apartheid

Gender apartheid (also called sexual apartheid^[1]^[a] or sex apartheid) is the economic and social sexual discrimination against individuals because of their gender or sex. It is a system enforced by using either physical or legal practices to relegate individuals to subordinate positions.^[4] Feminist scholar Phyllis Chesler, professor of psychology and women's studies, defines the phenomenon as "practices which condemn girls and women to a separate and subordinate sub-existence and which turn boys and men into the permanent guardians of their female relatives' chastity".^[5] Instances of gender apartheid lead not only to the social and economic disempowerment of individuals, but can also result in severe physical harm.^[6]

^ "Claire Berlinski on Twitter".
^ Tim Ross (19 March 2011). "Peter Tatchell bids to overturn gay marriage ban at European Court of Human Rights". The Daily Telegraph (London).
^ Megan Murphy (31 July 2006). "British Lesbians Lose Bid to Validate Their Marriage" Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News (New York).
^ "Apartheid". StandWithUs. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ Chesler, Phyllis (2011). "Phyllis Chesler on Islamic gender apartheid". Phyllis Chesler Organization. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond, Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] "Claire Berlinski on Twitter".

[2] Tim Ross (19 March 2011). "Peter Tatchell bids to overturn gay marriage ban at European Court of Human Rights". The Daily Telegraph (London).

[3] Megan Murphy (31 July 2006). "British Lesbians Lose Bid to Validate Their Marriage" Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News (New York).

[AskIsrael-5] "Apartheid". StandWithUs. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[Chesler-6] Chesler, Phyllis (2011). "Phyllis Chesler on Islamic gender apartheid". Phyllis Chesler Organization. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.

[Lowstedt-7] Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond, Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.

[1]

[a]

[4]

[5]

[6]