Google Ngram Viewer

The Google Ngram Viewer or Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2019^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.^[2]^[5] There are also some specialized English corpora, such as American English, British English, and English Fiction.^[6]

The program can search for a word or a phrase, including misspellings or gibberish.^[5] The n-grams are matched with the text within the selected corpus, optionally using case-sensitive spelling (which compares the exact use of uppercase letters),^[7] and, if found in 40 or more books, are then displayed as a graph.^[8] The Google Ngram Viewer supports searches for parts of speech and wildcards.^[6] It is routinely used in research.^[9]^[10]

^ Cite error: The named reference Culturomics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Huf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Cnet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ @searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference BufLib was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Google Books Ngram Viewer info page".
^ Cite error: The named reference Goog was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference GInf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Greenfield, Patricia M. (September 2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.
^ Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (October 2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.

[Culturomics-1] Cite error: The named reference Culturomics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Huf-2] Cite error: The named reference Huf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Cnet-3] Cite error: The named reference Cnet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] @searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.

[BufLib-5] Cite error: The named reference BufLib was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer-6] "Google Books Ngram Viewer info page".

[Goog-7] Cite error: The named reference Goog was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[GInf-8] Cite error: The named reference GInf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] Greenfield, Patricia M. (September 2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.

[10] Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (October 2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.

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