Back هیندکو دیلی AZB হিন্দকো ভাষা Bengali/Bangla Hindko Catalan Hindko Danish Hindko German Γλώσσα Χίντκο Greek زبان هندکو Persian Hindko Finnish Hindko French हिन्दको भाषा Hindi

Hindko

For the people, see Hindkowans and Hazarewal.
Not to be confused with Hindki.
Hindko
Peshori (For the dialect spoken in Peshawar)
ہندکو
Hindko in Shahmukhi
Native toPakistan
RegionHazara Division, Peshawar, Kohat, Pothohar
EthnicityHindkowans and Hazarewal
Native speakers
5–7 million (2017–2020)[1][2]
Dialects
Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
hnd – Southern Hindko
hno – Northern Hindko
Glottologhind1271
The proportion of people with Hindko as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
A Hindko speaker.

Hindko (ہندکو IPA: [ˈɦɪnd̪koː]) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[3]

There is a nascent language movement,[4] and in recent decades, Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language.[5] There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari,[6] the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast.[7] In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko,[1] while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million.[2]

Hindko, to some extent, is mutually intelligible with Punjabi especially the Pahari-Pothwari dialect and Saraiki,[5] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.[8] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.[9] In a sense, both Hindko, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[10]

The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighborhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto).[11] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki.[12][a] A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as Hindki, Hindkun, or Hindkowan (Hindkuwan).[13]

Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit.[14][15]

Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media such as Urdu, Standard Punjabi, and English and the religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Hindko, like other regional varieties of Pakistan, is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[16]

  1. ^ a b "TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b Hindko, Northern at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  3. ^ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11)
  4. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  5. ^ a b Rahman 1996, p. 211.
  6. ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'".
  7. ^ Rahman 1996, pp. 211–14.
  8. ^ Shackle 1979, pp. 200–1.
  9. ^ Shackle 1980, p. 486.
  10. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1995-01-01). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems and Language Planning. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah. ISSN 0272-2690.
  11. ^ Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4. See there for alternative etymologies.
  12. ^ Rensch 1992, p. 4.
  13. ^ Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482.
  14. ^ Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
  15. ^ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218. The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
  16. ^ Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina". Pakistan Social Sciences Review. 4 (III): 1092–1106. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

Rich TVX News Network Site

Rich TVX News Network Info

© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search