Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression, defined by sociologist Karen D. Pyke as the "internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated."[1] In her study The Psychology of Racism, Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both "conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which a presumed superior race are consistently ranked above people of color."[2] These definitions encompass a wide range of instances, including, but not limited to, belief in negative stereotypes, adaptations to white cultural standards, and thinking that supports the status quo (i.e. denying that racism exists).[3]
Internalized racism as a phenomenon is a direct product of a racial classification system, and is found across different racial groups and regions around the world where race exists as a social construct.[1] In these places, internalized racism can have adverse effects on those who experience it. For example, high internalized racism scores have been linked to poor health outcomes among Caribbean black women, higher propensity for violence among African American young males, and increased domestic violence among Native American populations in the US.[4][5][6]
Responses to internalized racism have been varied. Many of the approaches focus on dispelling false narratives learned from racial oppression. An example of opposition to internalized racism is the "Black is beautiful" cultural movement in the US, which sought to "directly attack [the] ideology" that blackness was ugly.[7]
- ^ a b Pyke, Karen D. (December 2010). "What is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don't We Study It? Acknowledging Racism's Hidden Injuries". Sociological Perspectives. 53 (4): 551–572. doi:10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551. S2CID 43997467.
- ^ Robin Nicole Johnson The Psychology of Racism: How Internalized Racism, Academic Self-concept, and Campus Racial Climate Impact the Academic Experiences and Achievement of African American Undergraduates
- ^ Campón, Rebecca Rangel; Carter, Robert T. (2015). "The Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale: Development and preliminary validation". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 21 (4): 497–506. doi:10.1037/cdp0000037. PMID 25894835.
- ^ Mouzon, Dawne M.; McLean, Jamila S. (28 June 2016). "Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks". Ethnicity & Health. 22 (1): 36–48. doi:10.1080/13557858.2016.1196652. PMID 27354264. S2CID 4628237.
- ^ Bryant, Wesley W. (2011). "Internalized Racism's Association With African American Male Youth's Propensity for Violence". Journal of Black Studies. 42 (4): 690–707. doi:10.1177/0021934710393243. JSTOR 41151366. PMID 21910273. S2CID 38370749.
- ^ Poupart, Lisa M. (2003). "The Familiar Face of Genocide: Internalized Oppression among American Indians". Hypatia. 18 (2): 86–100. doi:10.1353/hyp.2003.0036. JSTOR 3811013.
- ^ "Black is Beautiful | Video | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS". The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
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