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Iron Guard

For other uses, see Iron Guard (disambiguation).
Iron Guard
Garda de Fier
Also known asLegionary Movement
LeaderCorneliu Zelea Codreanu
Horia Sima[1]
FoundationMarch 1930 (March 1930)[2]
Dissolved23 January 1941 (23 January 1941)
Split fromNational-Christian Defense League
HeadquartersGreen House, Bucureștii Noi[3]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
Notable attacksKilling of Armand Călinescu
1941 Rebellion and Pogrom
SizeIncrease 272,000 (late 1937 est.)[19]
Part ofLegion of the Archangel Michael
Flag
Everything for the Country
Totul pentru Țară
PresidentGheorghe Cantacuzino[a][20]
Gheorghe Clime[b]
Founded1934 (1934)
Banned23 January 1941 (23 January 1941)
Preceded byGruparea Corneliu Zelea Codreanu[c][21]
Newspaper
Youth wingFrăția de Cruce[24]
Paramilitary wingIron Guard
Labour wingCorpul Muncitorilor Legionari
IdeologyLegionarism
Political positionFar-right
ReligionRomanian Orthodox Christianity
International affiliationFascist International Congress (observer)[25]
Colours  Black   White   Green
Senate (1937)
4 / 113
Chamber of Deputies (1937)
66 / 387
[26]
Election symbol
  1. ^ (1934–1937)
  2. ^ (1937–1938)
  3. ^ (1931–1932)
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Fascism in Romania
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The Iron Guard (Romanian: Garda de Fier) was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail) or the Legionary Movement (Mișcarea Legionară).[27] It was strongly anti-democratic, anti-capitalist, anti-communist, and anti-Semitic. It differed from other European right-wing movements of the period due to its spiritual basis, as the Iron Guard was deeply imbued with Romanian Orthodox Christian mysticism.

In March 1930, Codreanu formed the Iron Guard as a paramilitary branch of the Legion, which in 1935 changed its official name to the "Totul pentru Țară" party—literally, "Everything for the Country". It existed into the early part of the Second World War, during which time it came to power. Members were called Legionnaires or, outside of the movement, "Greenshirts" because of the predominantly green uniforms they wore.[28]

When Marshal Ion Antonescu came to power in September 1940, he brought the Iron Guard into the government, creating the National Legionary State. In January 1941, following the Legionnaires' rebellion, Antonescu used the army to suppress the movement, destroying the organization; its commander, Horia Sima, along with other leaders, escaped to Germany.

  1. ^ Clark, Roland (2015-06-05). Holy Legionary Youth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 221-228. doi:10.7591/9780801456343. ISBN 9780801456343.
  2. ^ In March 1930, Codreanu formed the "Iron Guard" as an armed wing of the Legion.
  3. ^ ""Casa Verde" din Bucureşti construită de legionari". FRUNŢI SPRE CER. August 24, 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  4. ^ Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". Nationalities Papers. 40 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 107–126. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.633076. ISSN 0090-5992. S2CID 153813255. The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147).
  5. ^ Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". Polish Sociological Review (142). Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association): 161–169. ISSN 1231-1413. JSTOR 41274855. Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."
  6. ^ Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal. 44. Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association: 27–67. ISSN 0028-8683. JSTOR 41759355. A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938.
  7. ^ Zelinka, Elisabeta (2009). "Xenophobia, anti-Semitism and feminist activism in eastern Europe: a case study of Romania". In Huggan, Graham; Law, Ian (eds.). Racism postcolonialism Europe. Postcolonialism Across the Disciplines. Vol. 6. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-84631-562-6. OCLC 865564960. Archived from the original on 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-03-03. The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania.
  8. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (2017-02-21). "Why Romania's Fascist Movement Was Unusually Morbid—Even for Fascists". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-03-03. A Unique Death Cult: How the Romanian Iron Guard blended nationalistic violence with Christian martyrdom to spread a singularly morbid fascist movement. [...] As in some other Eastern European countries, there had developed strong currents of populism that espoused a kind of peasant nationalism, equally opposed to liberalism, conservatism, and Marxist socialism.
  9. ^ "Iron Guard | Romanian organization | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
    "[...] it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. [...]"
  10. ^ Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification Archived 2023-02-13 at the Wayback Machine. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.
  11. ^ "Rădăcinile intelectuale ale legionarismului" [The intellectual roots of legionaryism]. Historia (in Romanian). 2018-08-28. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  12. ^ Tăpălagă, Dan (2020-12-21). "AUR și Mișcarea Legionară. Cât de valabilă este comparația între cele două partide" [AUR and the Legionary Movement. How valid is the comparison between the two parties]. G4Media.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  13. ^ Iordachi, Constantin (2006). "Charisma, Religion, and Ideology: Romania's Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael". In Lampe, John; Mazower, Mark (eds.). Ideologies and National Identities. Central European University Press. pp. 19–53. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4. OCLC 945782879. Archived from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-03 – via OpenEdition Books.
  14. ^ Roberts, Jason; Glăjar, Sergio (2022-02-22). "The Legionary Phenomenon: A Romanian Fascist Manifesto". illiberalism.org. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  15. ^ Teodorescu, Bogdan; Sultănescu, Dan (2022). "Mişcarea Legionară, între istorie și percepții actuale. Amestec de fascism și atitudini populiste" [The Legionary Movement, between history and current perceptions. Mixture of fascism and populist attitudes]. Polis. Journal of Political Science. X (3 (37)). Editura Institutul European: 65–80. ISSN 1221-9762. OCLC 9627670651. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  16. ^ Mann 2004, p. 268-269.
  17. ^ Crampton, R.J. (1994). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. London, England; New York: Routledge. p. 165.
  18. ^ Mann 2004, p. 270.
  19. ^ Săndulescu, p. 267
  20. ^ Predescu, Lucian: Enciclopedia Cugetarea, Enciclopedia României - Material românesc. Oameni și înfăptuiri, p. 959, Editura Cugetarea – Georgescu Delafras, București, 1940.
  21. ^ Radu-Dan Vlad: Procesele lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (1923-1934), Vol. I. Editura Miha Valahie. Bukarest 2013. ISBN 978-606-8304-49-6. S. 157.
  22. ^ Sandu-Dediu, Valentina (2016). "Murky Times and Ideologised Music in the Romania of 1938-1944". Musicology Today: Journal of the National University of Music Bucharest. 7 (27): 193–214. ISSN 2286-4717. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  23. ^ "Front page". Buna Vestire. 14 October 1940. p. 1.
  24. ^ Ianolides, John: Return to Christ - document for a new world , pp. 35-36
  25. ^ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. p. 105. London, 1999
  26. ^ von Nohlen, Dieter (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. 1610–1611. ISBN 9783832956097.
  27. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
  28. ^ For "greenshirts" see, for example, R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), ISBN 022608647X, p. 182. Originally published 1942.


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