Lullubi

Lullubi Kingdom
𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠
Lullubi Kingdom; 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠
3100 BC–675 BC
	Territory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area.
Common languages	Unclassified (Lullubian?); Akkadian (inscriptions)
Religion	Mesopotamian religions
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Antiquity
• Established	3100 BC
• Disestablished	675 BC
Today part of	Iraq; Iran

Lullubi, Lulubi (Akkadian: 𒇻𒇻𒉈: Lu-lu-bi, Akkadian: 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠: Lu-lu-bi^ki "Country of the Lullubi"), more commonly known as Lullu,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] were a group of Bronze Age tribes during the 3rd millennium BC, from a region known as Lulubum, now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Lullubi was neighbour and sometimes ally with the Hurrian Simurrum kingdom.^[5] Frayne (1990) identified their city Lulubuna or Luluban with the region's modern town of Halabja.

The language of the Lullubi is regarded as an unclassified language^[6] because it is unattested. The term Lullubi though, appears to be of Hurrian origin rather than Semitic or the yet to arrive in the region Indo-European, and the names of its known rulers have Hurrian or more rarely Semitic influence.^[7]

^ Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (1992). The Shemshāra Archives 2: The Administrative Texts. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 22, 51–54. ISBN 978-87-7304-227-4.
^ Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (2017-01-30). Mesopotamian Origins: The Basic Population of the Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-5128-1881-9.
^ Campbell, Lyle (2017-10-03). Language Isolates. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-317-61091-5.
^ Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9.
^ Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781134520626.
^ "The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007)".
^ Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.

[1] Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (1992). The Shemshāra Archives 2: The Administrative Texts. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 22, 51–54. ISBN 978-87-7304-227-4.

[2] Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (2017-01-30). Mesopotamian Origins: The Basic Population of the Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-5128-1881-9.

[3] Campbell, Lyle (2017-10-03). Language Isolates. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-317-61091-5.

[4] Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9.

[5] Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781134520626.

[6] "The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007)".

[7] Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]