Microaggression

Microaggression is a term used for commonplace verbal, behavioral or environmental slights, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward stigmatized or culturally marginalized groups.^[1] The term was coined by Harvard University psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970 to describe insults and dismissals which he regularly witnessed non-black Americans inflicting on African Americans.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] By the early 21st century, use of the term was applied to the casual disparagement of any socially marginalized group, including LGBT people, poor people, and disabled people.^[5] Psychologist Derald Wing Sue defines microaggressions as "brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership". The persons making the comments may be otherwise well-intentioned and unaware of the potential impact of their words.^[6]

A number of scholars and social commentators have criticized the concept of microaggression for its lack of a scientific basis, over-reliance on subjective evidence, and promotion of psychological fragility.^[7] Critics argue that avoiding behaviors that one interprets as microaggressions restricts one's own freedom and causes emotional self-harm, and that employing authority figures to address microaggressions (i.e. call-out culture) can lead to an atrophy of those skills needed to mediate one's own disputes.^[8] Some argue that, because the term "microaggression" uses language connoting violence to describe verbal conduct, it can be abused to exaggerate harm, resulting in retribution and the elevation of victimhood.^[9]

D. W. Sue, who popularized the term microaggressions, has expressed doubts on how the concept is being used: "I was concerned that people who use these examples would take them out of context and use them as a punitive rather than an exemplary way."^[10] In the 2020 edition of his book with Lisa Spanierman and in a 2021 book with his doctoral students, Dr. Sue introduces the idea of "microinterventions" as potential solutions to acts of microaggression.^[11]^[12]

^ ^a ^b Sue DW (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Wiley. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-0-470-49140-9.
^ Delpit L (2012). "Multiplication Is for White People": Raising Expectations for Other People's Children. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-046-7.
^ Treadwell HM (2013). Beyond Stereotypes in Black and White: How Everyday Leaders Can Build Healthier Opportunities for African American Boys and Men. Praeger Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4408-0399-4.
^ Sommers-Flanagan R (2012). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice: Skills, Strategies, and Techniques. Wiley. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-470-61793-9.
^ Paludi MA (2010). Victims of Sexual Assault and Abuse: Resources and Responses for Individuals and Families (Women's Psychology). Praeger Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-313-37970-3.
^ Paludi MA (2012). Managing Diversity in Today's Workplace: Strategies for Employees and Employers. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-313-39317-4.
^ Cantu, Edward; Jussim, Lee (Fall 2021). "Microaggressions, Questionable Science, and Free Speech". Texas Review of Law & Politics. 26 (1): 217–267. SSRN 3822628.
^ Lukianoff, Greg; Haidt, Jonathan (September 2015). "How Trigger Warnings Are Hurting Mental Health on Campus". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
^ Friedersdorf, Conor (September 14, 2015). "Why Critics of the 'Microaggressions' Framework Are Skeptical". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
^ Zamudio-Suarez, Fernanda (June 29, 2016). "What Happens When Your Research Is Featured on 'Fox & Friends'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ Sue, Derald Wing; Spanierman, Lisa (2020). Microaggressions in Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-51380-3.^{[page needed]}
^ "The Right to Not Remain Silent". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved January 29, 2022.

[:1-1] Sue DW (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Wiley. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-0-470-49140-9.

[2] Delpit L (2012). "Multiplication Is for White People": Raising Expectations for Other People's Children. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-046-7.

[3] Treadwell HM (2013). Beyond Stereotypes in Black and White: How Everyday Leaders Can Build Healthier Opportunities for African American Boys and Men. Praeger Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4408-0399-4.

[4] Sommers-Flanagan R (2012). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice: Skills, Strategies, and Techniques. Wiley. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-470-61793-9.

[5] Paludi MA (2010). Victims of Sexual Assault and Abuse: Resources and Responses for Individuals and Families (Women's Psychology). Praeger Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-313-37970-3.

[Praege-6] Paludi MA (2012). Managing Diversity in Today's Workplace: Strategies for Employees and Employers. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-313-39317-4.

[7] Cantu, Edward; Jussim, Lee (Fall 2021). "Microaggressions, Questionable Science, and Free Speech". Texas Review of Law & Politics. 26 (1): 217–267. SSRN 3822628.

[8] Lukianoff, Greg; Haidt, Jonathan (September 2015). "How Trigger Warnings Are Hurting Mental Health on Campus". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.

[9] Friedersdorf, Conor (September 14, 2015). "Why Critics of the 'Microaggressions' Framework Are Skeptical". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.

[10] Zamudio-Suarez, Fernanda (June 29, 2016). "What Happens When Your Research Is Featured on 'Fox & Friends'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[11] Sue, Derald Wing; Spanierman, Lisa (2020). Microaggressions in Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-51380-3.^{[page needed]}

[12] "The Right to Not Remain Silent". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved January 29, 2022.

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