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Manifestations Anti-LGBT rhetoric Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBT Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Intersectionality Lavender scare LGBT grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch-hunt
Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Christian privilege Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Figleaf Heteronormativity Human-oriented sexualism Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk White privilege
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Online hate speech is a type of speech that takes place online with the purpose of attacking a person or a group based on their race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, and/or gender.^[1] Online hate speech is not easily defined, but can be recognized by the degrading or dehumanizing function it serves.^[2]^[3]

Multilateral treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) have sought to define its contours. Multi-stakeholders processes (e.g. the Rabat Plan of Action) have tried to bring greater clarity and suggested mechanisms to identify hateful messages. National and regional bodies have sought to promote understandings of the term that are more rooted in local traditions.^[3]

The Internet's speed and reach makes it difficult for governments to enforce national legislation in the virtual world. Social media is a private space for public expression, which makes it difficult for regulators. Some of the companies owning these spaces have become more responsive towards tackling the problem of online hate speech.^[3]

^ Johnson, N. F.; Leahy, R.; Johnson Restrepo, N.; Velasquez, N.; Zheng, M.; Manrique, P.; Devkota, P.; Wuchty, S. (21 August 2019). "Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology". Nature. 573 (7773). Nature Research: 261–265. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..261J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1494-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31435010. S2CID 201118236.
^ Powell, Anastasia; Scott, Adrian J.; Henry, Nicola (March 2020). Treiber, Kyle (ed.). "Digital harassment and abuse: Experiences of sexuality and gender minority adults". European Journal of Criminology. 17 (2). Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Society of Criminology: 199–223. doi:10.1177/1477370818788006. ISSN 1741-2609. S2CID 149537486. A key feature of contemporary digital society is the integration of communications and other digital technologies into everyday life, such that many of us are 'constantly connected'. Yet the entangling of the social and the digital has particular implications for interpersonal relationships. Digital harassment and abuse refers to a range of harmful interpersonal behaviours experienced via the internet, as well as via mobile phone and other electronic communication devices. These online behaviours include: offensive comments and name-calling, targeted harassment, verbal abuse and threats, as well as sexual, sexuality and gender based harassment and abuse. Sexual, sexuality and gender-based harassment and abuse refers to harmful and unwanted behaviours either of a sexual nature, or directed at a person on the basis of their sexuality or gender identity.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gagliardone, Iginio; Gal, Danit; Alves, Thiago; Martinez, Gabriela (2015). Countering Online Hate Speech (PDF). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 7–15. ISBN 978-92-3-100105-5. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.