Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes
Portrait, c. 1870–1880
19th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
Vice President	William A. Wheeler
Preceded by	Ulysses S. Grant
Succeeded by	James A. Garfield
29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio
In office January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877
Lieutenant	Thomas L. Young
Preceded by	William Allen
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Young
In office January 12, 1868 – January 8, 1872
Lieutenant	John Calvin Lee
Preceded by	Jacob Dolson Cox
Succeeded by	Edward Follansbee Noyes
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd district
In office March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867
Preceded by	Alexander Long
Succeeded by	Samuel Fenton Cary
Personal details
Born	Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822-10-04)October 4, 1822 Delaware, Ohio, U.S.
Died	January 17, 1893(1893-01-17) (aged 70) Fremont, Ohio, U.S.
Resting place	Spiegel Grove State Park
Political party	Whig (until 1854) Republican (from 1854)
Spouse	Lucy Ware Webb ​ ​ (m. 1852; died 1889)​
Children	8, including Webb C. Hayes and Rutherford P. Hayes
Parents	Sophia Brichard (mother) Rutherford E. Hayes Jr.(father)
Relatives	Carl Edwards (great-great-great grandson)
Education	Kenyon College (BA) Harvard University (LLB)
Occupation	Politician lawyer
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	Union Army (USV)
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Brigadier general Major general (brevet)
Regiments	23rd Ohio Infantry
Commands	Kanawha Division
Battles/wars	See list American Civil War Battle of Carnifex Ferry Battle of Giles Court House Battle of South Mountain (WIA) Battle of Buffington Island Battle of Cloyd's Mountain Battle of Lynchburg Second Battle of Kernstown Third Battle of Winchester Battle of Fisher's Hill Battle of Cedar Creek

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (/ˈrʌðərfərd/; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.

As an attorney in Ohio, Hayes served as Cincinnati's city solicitor from 1858 to 1861. He was a staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings.^[1] At the start of the American Civil War, he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862. He earned a reputation for bravery in combat, rising in the ranks to serve as brevet major general. After the war, he earned a reputation in the Republican Party as a prominent member of the "Half-Breed" faction.^[2] He served in Congress from 1865 to 1867 and was elected governor of Ohio, serving two consecutive terms from 1868 to 1872 and half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before his swearing-in as president.

Hayes won the Republican nomination for president in the 1876 United States presidential election. In the disputed^[3][4] general election, he faced Democratic nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Hayes lost the popular vote to Tilden; neither candidate secured enough electoral votes to win the election. Hayes secured a victory when a Congressional Commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877. The electoral dispute was resolved with a backroom deal whereby both Southern Democrats and Whiggish Republican businessmen acquiesced to Hayes's election on the condition that he end both federal support for Reconstruction and the military occupation of the former Confederate States.^[5][6]

Hayes's administration was influenced by his belief in meritocratic government and equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing, or race. One of the defining events of his presidency was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which he resolved by calling in the US Army against the railroad workers. It remains the deadliest conflict between workers and strikebreakers in American history. As president, Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878, which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices, but Congress overrode his veto. His policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887. At the end of his term, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection and retired to his home in Ohio. Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to below-average president.