Back Sabeërs Afrikaans ሣባ (የአረቢያ ግዛት) Amharic السبئيون Arabic Sabeos AST Səbailər Azerbaijani Сәбалар Bashkir Сабеи Bulgarian সাবীয় জাতি Bengali/Bangla Sabeus Catalan Sabäer German
Sabaean Kingdom | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1200 BCE–275 CE | |||||||
 Coat of arms
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 Map of the Kingdom in the 8th century BCE | |||||||
| Capital | Ma'rib | ||||||
| Common languages | Sabaic | ||||||
| Religion | Arabian paganism | ||||||
| Demonym(s) | Sabaean | ||||||
| Government | Theocracy (Early) Monarchy (Late)[1] | ||||||
| Mukarrib | |||||||
• 700–680 BCE | Karibi-ilu | ||||||
• 620–600 BCE | Karib'il Watar | ||||||
• 60–20 BCE | Ilasaros | ||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age to Antiquity | ||||||
• Established | 1200 BCE | ||||||
• Disestablished | 275 CE | ||||||
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| Today part of | Yemen | ||||||
The Sabaeans or Sabeans[2] were an ancient group of South Arabians.[3] They spoke Sabaic, one of the Old South Arabian languages.[4] They founded the kingdom of Sabaʾ (Arabic: سَبَأ) in modern-day Yemen,[5][6] which is considered to be the biblical land of Sheba[7][8][9] and "the oldest and most important of the South Arabian kingdoms".[3]
The exact date of the foundation of Sabaʾ is a point of disagreement among scholars. Kenneth Kitchen dates the kingdom to between 1200 BCE and 275 CE, with its capital at Maʾrib, in what is now Yemen.[10] On the other hand, Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman believe that "the Sabaean kingdom began to flourish only from the eighth century BC onward" and that the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is "an anachronistic seventh-century set piece."[11] The Kingdom fell after a long but sporadic civil war between several Yemenite dynasties claiming kingship;[12][13] from this, the late Himyarite Kingdom arose as victors.[14]
Sabaeans are mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. In the Quran,[15] they are described as either Sabaʾ (سَبَأ, not to be confused with Ṣābiʾ, صَابِئ),[5][6] or as Qawm Tubbaʿ (Arabic: قَوْم تُبَّع, lit. 'People of Tubbaʿ').[16][17]
- ^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Vol. v5. Leiden: BRILL. p. 292. ISBN 978-90-04-09791-9. OCLC 258059170 – via Google Books.
- ^ (Sabaean: 𐩪𐩨𐩱, S¹Bʾ; Arabic: ٱلسَّبَئِيُّوْن, romanized: as-Sabaʾiyyūn; Hebrew: סְבָאִים, romanized: Səḇāʾīm)
- ^ a b "The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia". British Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, 1991.
- ^ a b Quran 27:6-93
- ^ a b Quran 34:15-18
- ^ Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 319. ISBN 978-0810855281.
- ^ St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. British Museum Press. p. 8. ISBN 0714111511.
- ^ Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 0802849601.
- ^ Kenneth A. Kitchen The World of "Ancient Arabia" Series. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part I. Chronological Framework and Historical Sources p.110
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher, David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition, p. 171
- ^ Muller, D. H. (1893), Himyarische Inschriften [Himyarian inscriptions] (in German), Mordtmann, p. 53
- ^ Javad Ali, The Articulate in the History of Arabs before Islam, Volume 2, p. 420
- ^ Nebes 2023, p. 303.
- ^ Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ Quran 44:37 -Yusuf Ali
- ^ Quran 50:12-14
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