Back تحديد الجنس Arabic Asignasyon kan sekso BCL লিঙ্গ পরিচয় আরোপ Bengali/Bangla Paggahin sa sekso CEB دیاریکردنی ڕەگەز CKB Tildeling af køn Danish Asignación de sexo Spanish جنسیت انتسابی Persian Sukupuolen määrittäminen Finnish Assignation sexuelle French
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Sex assignment (also known as gender assignment[1][2]) is the discernment of an infant's sex, usually at birth.[3] Based on an inspection of the baby's external genitalia by a relative, midwife, nurse, or physician, sex is assigned without ambiguity in 99.95% of births. In the remaining cases (1 in 2000), additional diagnostic steps are required and sex assignment is deferred.[4] Sex also may be determined prior to birth through prenatal sex discernment.[5]
The number of births where the baby is intersex—where their sex characteristics do not fit typical definitions of male and female—is estimated to be between 0.018% and 1.7%.[6][7][8] While some intersex conditions can lead to genital ambiguity (about 0.02% to 0.05% of births[4]), in others genitalia can clearly be identified as either male or female.[9] In the latter cases, an intersex condition might not be recognized at birth.[10]
Generally, parents and society, as well as governments and healthcare systems, assume that a person's gender identity will develop according to the sex assigned at birth; this is known as being cisgender. While this is the case for a majority of people, for a significant number assigned sex and gender identity do not align; this is known as being transgender.[2][11]
The sex assignment of an intersex individual may also contradict their future gender identity.[12] If available, knowledge about the gender identity that a majority of people with the specific intersex condition develop is considered in sex assignment.[13] Assignments might later be adjusted as a person grows up.[2] Reinforcing sex assignments through surgical or hormonal interventions without informed consent is considered by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to violate the individual's human rights.[14][15]
- ^ "gender assignment". APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ a b c American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth edition, text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. p. 511. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6.
- ^ Rathus SA, Nevid JS, Rathus LF (2010). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity. Allyn & Bacon. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-205-78606-0. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ a b Selma Feldman Witchel (2018). "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 48: 90–102. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005. ISSN 1521-6934. PMC 5866176. PMID 29503125.
- ^ Dhamankar Rupin (9 April 2020). "Fetal Sex Results of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Differences With Ultrasonography". Obstet. Gynecol. 135 (5): 1198–1206. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003791. PMC 7170435. PMID 32282607. S2CID 215758793.
- ^ "Intersex population figures". Intersex Human Rights Australia. 16 September 2019 [28 September 2013]. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ Sax, Leonard (2002). "How common is intersex? a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling". Journal of Sex Research. 39 (3). Scholarly Publications: 174–178. doi:10.1080/00224490209552139. PMID 12476264. S2CID 33795209.
- ^ Blackless, Melanie; Charuvastra, Anthony; Derryck, Amanda; Fausto-Sterling, Anne; Lauzanne, Karl; Lee, Ellen (2000). "How Sexually Dimorphic Are We? Review and Synthesis". Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry. American Journal of Human Biology. 12 (2): 151–166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 11534012. S2CID 453278.
- ^ Mieszczak, J; Houk, CP; Lee, PA (August 2009). "Assignment of the sex of rearing in the neonate with a disorder of sex development". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (4): 541–7. doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32832c6d2c. PMC 4104182. PMID 19444113.
- ^ "Answers to Your Questions About Individuals With Intersex Conditions" (PDF). www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Hardacker, Cecilia; Ducheny, Kelly; Houlberg, Magda, eds. (2019). Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Health and Aging. Cham: Springer. p. 3. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95031-0. ISBN 978-3-319-95031-0. S2CID 52986156.
- ^ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 6 January 2016
- ^ Witchel, Selma Feldman (2018). "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 48: 90–102. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005. ISSN 1521-6934. PMC 5866176. PMID 29503125.
- ^ UN Committee against Torture; UN Committee on the Rights of the Child; UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities; UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Juan Méndez, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Dainius Pῡras, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; Dubravka Šimonoviæ, Special Rapporteur on violence against women its causes and consequences; Marta Santos Pais, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Violence against Children; African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights; Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (24 October 2016), "Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge", Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived from the original on 21 November 2016
- ^ World Health Organization (2015). Sexual health, human rights and the law. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-156498-4.
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