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Silla 新羅 (Hanja) 신라 (Hangul) 徐羅伐 (Old Korean) Yale: Syerapel (RR: Seorabeol) Pronunciation: [sʌɾabʌɭ] Phonetic Hangul: [서라벌] 斯羅火 (Old Korean) Sïrapïr | |||||||||||||
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57 BCE – 935 CE | |||||||||||||
Status | Kingdom | ||||||||||||
Capital | Seorabeol[a][b] | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Old Korean, Classical Chinese, (literary)[1] | ||||||||||||
Religion | Korean ethnic folk religion/Shamanism (State Religion: 57 BCE – 527 CE), Buddhism (527 CE – 935 CE), Confucianism, Taoism, Islam[2][3] | ||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
King | |||||||||||||
• 57 BCE–4 CE | Hyeokgeose (first) | ||||||||||||
• 57–80 | Talhae | ||||||||||||
• 356–402 | Naemul | ||||||||||||
• 540–576 | Jinheung | ||||||||||||
• 654–661 | Muyeol | ||||||||||||
• 661–681 | Munmu | ||||||||||||
• 927–935 | Gyeongsun (last) | ||||||||||||
Legislature | Hwabaek | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Establishment | 57 BCE | ||||||||||||
• Introduction of Buddhism | 530 | ||||||||||||
• Campaigns of King Jinheung | 551–585 | ||||||||||||
668–676 | |||||||||||||
668–935 | |||||||||||||
• Handover to the Goryeo | 935 CE | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 200 | 250,000[4] | ||||||||||||
• 660 | 1,000,000[5] | ||||||||||||
• 676 | 4,500,000[6] | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | North Korea South Korea |
Silla | |
Hangul | 신라 |
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Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Silla |
McCune–Reischauer | Shilla |
History of Korea |
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Silla (Korean: 신라; Korean pronunciation: [ɕiɭ.ɭa]; Old Korean: 徐羅伐 Syerapel, 斯羅火 Sïrapïr;[7] RR: Seorabeol; IPA: Korean pronunciation: [sʌɾabʌɭ]), was a Korean kingdom that existed between 57 BCE[8] – 935 CE and located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla, along with Baekje and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Silla had the lowest population of approximately 850,000 people (170,000 households), which was significantly smaller than those of Baekje (3,800,000 people) and Goguryeo (3,500,000 people).[9]Silla was founded in 57 BC by King Hyuk Gesu and fell in 935 AD after 992 years of rule. In 660 AD, Sheila was able to conquer its neighbor Bakje and establish a unified government in the south. United Shilay entered a stunning era of economic growth. Silla and the Tang dynasty had many exchanges in the field of merchants, monks, and Confucian scholars. Shila exported gold and silver handicrafts and ginseng to Tang, and imported books, porcelain, satin silk fabrics, clothes, and industrial products from Tang. Products from Central Asia were introduced to Shila, and the merchants of that region traveled through the Silk Road and Sea routes visited Sheila. The unified Silla Empire was a golden age of art and culture, and Buddhism became a major part of Silla culture. Buddhist monasteries such as Bulguksa are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence. The government-sponsored architecture and art of this era includes UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as Hwang Nyong Sa Temple, Bon Hwang Sa Temple, and Suk Guram Cave.
Its foundation can be traced back to the semi-mythological figure of Hyeokgeose of Silla (Old Korean: *pulkunwuri, "light of the world"), of the Park clan. The country was first ruled intermittently by the Miryang Park clan for 232 years and the Wolseong Seok clan for 172 years and beginning with the reign of Michu Isageum the Gyeongju Kim clan for 586 years. Park, Seok and Kim have no contemporary attestations and went by the Old Korean names of 居西干 Geoseogan (1st century BCE), 次次雄 Chachaung (1st century CE), 泥師今 Isageum (Old Korean: *nisokum)[10] and 麻立干 Maripkan (5th-6th century)[11] instead. It began as a chiefdom in the Jinhan confederacy, part of the Samhan and after consolidating its power in the immediate area, conquered the Gaya confederacy. Eventually allying with Sui China and then Tang China, it eventually conquered the other two kingdoms, Baekje in 660 and Goguryeo in 668. Thereafter, Unified Silla occupied most of the Korean Peninsula, while the northern part re-emerged as Balhae, a successor-state of Goguryeo. After nearly 1,000 years of rule, Silla fragmented into the brief Later Three Kingdoms of Silla, Later Baekje, and Taebong, handing over power to Goryeo in 935.[12]
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