In 2006, with a US-backed Ethiopian intervention, the TFG assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, including the jihadist group al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the region.[1] By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory they had seized, and a search for more permanent democratic institutions began.[24] Despite this, insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia,[25][26] and wield influence in government-controlled areas,[26] with the town of Jilib acting as the de facto capital for the insurgents.[25][27] A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012,[28][29] reforming Somalia as a federation.[30] The same month, the Federal Government of Somalia was formed[31] and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu, despite al-Shabaab frequently carrying out attacks there.[24][32]
^Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN3-12-539683-2
^Truhart, P. (1984). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present : a biographical reference book. pp.72
^Suárez, Jorge Alejandro. Geopolítica de lo Desconocido: Una visión diferente de la Política Internacional. p. 227. ISBN979-8393720292.
^Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. ISBN1-874209-91-X.
^The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.
^Ismail, AA (2010). Somali state failure: Players, incentives and institutions. What is more puzzling is how this could happen in a country like Somalia, the most homogeneous country in Africa both ethnically, religiously, culturally, and linguistically
^Woldemichael, B (1993). Decentralisation amidst poverty and disunity: The Sudan, 1969–1983. Somalia, the only homogeneous country in Africa – all its people being ethnic Somalis speaking the same language and professing the same religion
^"Member States". Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).