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Violent extremism

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Violent extremism is a form of extremism that condones and enacts violence with ideological or deliberate intent, such as religious or political violence.[5] Violent extremist views often conflate with religious[10] and political violence,[11] and can manifest in connection with a range of issues, including politics,[3] religion,[12] and gender relations.[4][13]

Although "radicalization" is considered by some to be a contentious term,[12] its general use has come to regard the process by which an individual or group adopts violence as a desirable and legitimate means of action.[9] According to the RAND Corporation, extremism is a term used to characterize a variety of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that often are on the extreme end of the political, religious, or ideological spectrum within civil society.[14]

In United States military jargon, the term violent extremist organizations (VEO) is defined as groups of "individuals who support or commit ideologically motivated violence to further political goals".[15] This may include both international terrorist organizations (ITO) and homegrown violent extremists (HVE).[16]

  1. ^ "Countering Violent Extremism". www.dhs.gov. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Homeland Security. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Violent extremist threats come from a range of groups and individuals, including domestic terrorists and homegrown violent extremists in the United States, as well as international terrorist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIL.
  2. ^ "Living Safe Together – What Is Violent Extremism?". www.livingsafetogether.gov.au. Canberra: Australian Government. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Violent extremism refers to:
     • a person or group who is willing to use violence; or
     • advocates the use of violence by others, to achieve a political, ideological or religious goal.
    Violent extremism has no place in Australia. Countering violent extremism is about preventing violence before it occurs. Countering violent extremism is a long-term challenge. It requires the combined efforts of governments, law enforcement, community groups, academia and individuals.
  3. ^ a b c Miller, Martin A. (2022). "The Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001)". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.). Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 33–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-83347-3. S2CID 244740339.
  4. ^ a b Bardall, Gabrielle; Bjarnegård, Elin; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (November 2020). "How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts". Political Studies. 68 (4). SAGE Publications on behalf of the Political Studies Association: 916–935. doi:10.1177/0032321719881812. ISSN 1467-9248. LCCN 2008233815. OCLC 1641383. S2CID 213536755.
  5. ^ [1][2][3][4]
  6. ^ a b Fox, Jonathan (2021). "Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALIST EXTREMISM AND POLITICS". In Mathew, Mathews; Tay, Melvin (eds.). Religion and Identity Politics: Global Trends and Local Realities. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1142/9789811235504_0001. ISBN 978-981-123-551-1. S2CID 237868169.
  7. ^ a b van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kuijper, Sophia M.H.C. (June 2020). Colin, Cooper (ed.). "A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances". Personality and Individual Differences. 159 (109888). Elsevier: 109888. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888. ISSN 0191-8869. LCCN 85647765. OCLC 04965018. S2CID 213954640.
  8. ^ a b Schoenberger, Robert A. (September 1968). "Conservatism, Personality, and Political Extremism". American Political Science Review. 62 (3). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association: 868–877. doi:10.2307/1953436. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1953436. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 144097887.
  9. ^ a b Galland, Olivier (2020). "Religious Radicalism: from Absolutism to Violence". In Galland, Olivier; Muxel, Anne (eds.). Radical Thought among the Young: A Survey of French Lycée Students. Youth in a Globalizing World. Vol. 11. Translated by Hamilton, Peter. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 24–62. doi:10.1163/9789004432369_003. ISBN 978-90-04-43236-9. ISSN 2212-9383. S2CID 234647465.
  10. ^ [6][7][8][9]
  11. ^ [3][6][7][8]
  12. ^ a b Beinart, Peter (20 February 2015). "Countering ISIS: Why Obama Is Right to Use the Term "Violent Extremism"". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: Emerson Collective. ISSN 2151-9463. OCLC 936540106. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. For weeks now, pundits and politicians have been raging over President Obama's insistence that America is fighting "violent extremism" rather than "radical Islam." Rudy Giuliani calls the president's refusal to utter the 'I' word "cowardice." The president's backers defend it as a savvy refusal to give ISIS the religious war it desperately wants. But, for the most part, both sides agree that when Obama says "violent extremists" he actually means "violent Muslim extremists." After all, my Atlantic colleague David Frum argues, "The Obama people, not being idiots, understand very well that international terrorism possesses an overwhelmingly Muslim character."
  13. ^ Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022). "Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15 (1: Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism). Taylor & Francis: 143–168. doi:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137. ISSN 1753-9161. S2CID 246832210.
  14. ^ Posard, Marek N.; Payne, Leslie Adrienne; Miller, Laura L. (16 September 2021). "Reducing the Risk of Extremist Activity in the U.S. Military". Perspective. Expert Insights. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation. doi:10.7249/PEA1447-1. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  15. ^ The White House, Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Office of the President, 2011), available at: [1][dead link]
  16. ^ Raugh, David L. (June 2016). "Is the Hybrid Threat a True Threat?". Journal of Strategic Security. 9 (2). Rapid City, South Dakota: Henley-Putnam School of Strategic Security: 1–13. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1507. ISSN 1944-0464. JSTOR 26466774.

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