Whiteness studies

Whiteness studies is the study of the structures that produce white privilege,^[1] the examination of what whiteness is when analyzed as a race, a culture, and a source of systemic racism,^[2] and the exploration of other social phenomena generated by the societal compositions, perceptions and group behaviors of white people.^[3] It is an interdisciplinary arena of inquiry that has developed beginning in the United States from white trash studies and critical race studies, particularly since the late 20th century.^[4] It is focused on what proponents^[who?] describe as the cultural, historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and the social construction of "whiteness" as an ideology tied to social status.

Pioneers in the field include W. E. B. Du Bois ("Jefferson Davis as a Representative of Civilization", 1890; Darkwater, 1920), James Baldwin (The Fire Next Time, 1963), Theodore W. Allen (The Invention of the White Race, 1976, expanded in 1995), historian David Roediger (The Wages of Whiteness, 1991), author and literary critic Toni Morrison (Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, 1992), and Ruth Frankenberg (White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness, 1993).

By the mid-1990s, numerous works across many disciplines analyzed whiteness, and it has since become a topic for academic courses, research and anthologies. Some syllabuses associate the dismantling of white supremacy as a stated aim in the understanding of whiteness,^[5] while other sources view the field of study as primarily educational and exploratory, such as in questioning the objectivity of generations of works produced in intellectual spheres dominated by white scholars.^[6]

A central tenet of whiteness studies is a reading of history and its effects on the present that is inspired by postmodernism and historicism. According to this reading, racial superiority was socially constructed in order to justify discrimination against non-whites. Since the 19th century, some writers have argued that the phenotypical significance attributed to specific races are without biological association, and that what is called "race" is therefore not a biological phenomenon.^[7] Many scientists have demonstrated that racial theories are based upon an arbitrary clustering of phenotypical categories and customs, and can overlook the problem of gradations between categories.^[8] Thomas K. Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek write about whiteness as a "strategic rhetoric," asserting, in the essay "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric", that whiteness is a product of "discursive formation" and a "rhetorical construction". Nakayama and Krizek write, "there is no 'true essence' to 'whiteness': there are only historically contingent constructions of that social location."^[9] Nakayama and Krizek also suggest that by naming whiteness, one calls out its centrality and reveals its invisible, central position. Whiteness is considered normal and neutral, therefore, to name whiteness means that one identifies whiteness as a rhetorical construction that can be dissected to unearth its values and beliefs.

Major areas of research in whiteness studies include the nature of white privilege and white identity, the historical process by which a white racial identity was created, the relation of culture to white identity, and possible processes of social change as they affect white identity.

^ Neil Genzlinger (November 14, 2019). "Noel Ignatiev, 78, Persistent Voice Against White Privilege, Dies". New York Times. "How the Irish Became White" is among a group of books that have been foundational to what became known as whiteness studies, a field that examines the structures that produce white privilege.
^ Jenée Desmond-Harris (July 24, 2015). "White people have a race — but everyone flips out when we talk about it". Vox Media. Examining what whiteness is — analyzing it as a race, a culture, and a concept that has fueled racism — isn't new, particularly in academia.
^ Kaila White (March 31, 2015). "Professor gets hate mail over 'Problem of Whiteness'". USA Today. Academics and researchers have taught classes and published works on "Whiteness" and the field of "critical Whiteness studies" since the '90s. "Whiteness" is an academic term that refers not to race but to a multilayered concept: how whites are viewed by society, how they view themselves, and the implications of those perceptions, such as social norms and discrimination.
^ Kennedy, Tammie M.; Middleton, Joyce Irene; Ratcliffe, Krista; Welch, Kathleen Ethel; Prendergast, Catherine; Shor, Ira; West, Thomas R.; Cushman, Ellen; Kendrick, Michelle; Albrecht, Lisa (2005-10-01). "Symposium: Whiteness Studies". Rhetoric Review. 24 (4): 359–402. doi:10.1207/s15327981rr2404_1. ISSN 0735-0198. S2CID 143913071.
^ Yanan Wang (November 12, 2015). "A course originally called 'The Problem of Whiteness' returns to Arizona State". The Washington Post. The syllabus described Critical Whiteness Studies as a field "concerned with dismantling white supremacy in part by understanding how whiteness is socially constructed and experienced."
^ Matthew Shaer (December 1, 2015). "The Man Who Saw Himself". Columbia Journalism Review. The field of "Whiteness Studies," as it is often termed in academic circles, has existed for decades. Writers ... have looked at the way whiteness has evolved as an ideology and a construct. In doing so, they have called into question the supposed objectivity of the work of generations of straight, white, male scholars
^ Randall, Vernellia R. "What is Race?". academic.udayton.edu. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
^ Obasogie, Osagie (July 1, 2009). "Return of the race myth?". New Scientist. 203 (2715): 22–23. Bibcode:2009NewSc.203...22O. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61767-X.
^ Nakayama, Thomas K.; Krizek, Ro L.bert (January 1, 2005). "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric". In Carl Burgchardt (ed.). Readings in Rhetorical Criticism (3 ed.). Strata Pub. ISBN 978-1-891136-12-2.

[1] Neil Genzlinger (November 14, 2019). "Noel Ignatiev, 78, Persistent Voice Against White Privilege, Dies". New York Times. "How the Irish Became White" is among a group of books that have been foundational to what became known as whiteness studies, a field that examines the structures that produce white privilege.

[2] Jenée Desmond-Harris (July 24, 2015). "White people have a race — but everyone flips out when we talk about it". Vox Media. Examining what whiteness is — analyzing it as a race, a culture, and a concept that has fueled racism — isn't new, particularly in academia.

[3] Kaila White (March 31, 2015). "Professor gets hate mail over 'Problem of Whiteness'". USA Today. Academics and researchers have taught classes and published works on "Whiteness" and the field of "critical Whiteness studies" since the '90s. "Whiteness" is an academic term that refers not to race but to a multilayered concept: how whites are viewed by society, how they view themselves, and the implications of those perceptions, such as social norms and discrimination.

[4] Kennedy, Tammie M.; Middleton, Joyce Irene; Ratcliffe, Krista; Welch, Kathleen Ethel; Prendergast, Catherine; Shor, Ira; West, Thomas R.; Cushman, Ellen; Kendrick, Michelle; Albrecht, Lisa (2005-10-01). "Symposium: Whiteness Studies". Rhetoric Review. 24 (4): 359–402. doi:10.1207/s15327981rr2404_1. ISSN 0735-0198. S2CID 143913071.

[washingtonpost2015-5] Yanan Wang (November 12, 2015). "A course originally called 'The Problem of Whiteness' returns to Arizona State". The Washington Post. The syllabus described Critical Whiteness Studies as a field "concerned with dismantling white supremacy in part by understanding how whiteness is socially constructed and experienced."

[6] Matthew Shaer (December 1, 2015). "The Man Who Saw Himself". Columbia Journalism Review. The field of "Whiteness Studies," as it is often termed in academic circles, has existed for decades. Writers ... have looked at the way whiteness has evolved as an ideology and a construct. In doing so, they have called into question the supposed objectivity of the work of generations of straight, white, male scholars

[7] Randall, Vernellia R. "What is Race?". academic.udayton.edu. Retrieved September 22, 2016.

[8] Obasogie, Osagie (July 1, 2009). "Return of the race myth?". New Scientist. 203 (2715): 22–23. Bibcode:2009NewSc.203...22O. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61767-X.

[9] Nakayama, Thomas K.; Krizek, Ro L.bert (January 1, 2005). "Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric". In Carl Burgchardt (ed.). Readings in Rhetorical Criticism (3 ed.). Strata Pub. ISBN 978-1-891136-12-2.

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