Kingdom of Sussex

Kingdom of the South Saxons
Old English: *Sūþseaxna rīċe*
Latin: *Regnum Sussaxonum*
Kingdom of the South Saxons Old English: Sūþseaxna rīċe; Latin: Regnum Sussaxonum
c. 477–860
	Britain around AD 800
Status	Independent kingdom (477–686, 715–771, 796–827); Client state of Wessex (686–715, 827–860); Client state of Mercia (771–796)
Official languages	Old English
Religion	Paganism (before 7th century); Christianity (after 7th century)
Government	Monarchy
Monarchs (see full list)
• 477–491 or later	Ælle
• fl. c. 660 – c. 685	Æðelwealh
Legislature	Witenagemot
Historical era	Heptarchy
• Established	c. 477
• Subject to Wessex	c. 686 to c. 715
• Subject to Mercia	771 to c. 796
• Subject to Wessex	From c. 827
• Full integration into crown of Wessex	860
Population
• 450	25,000
• 1100	35,000
Currency	Sceat
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sub-Roman Britain
	Kingdom of Haestingas
Wessex
Today part of	United Kingdom; ∟ South East England

The Kingdom of the South Saxons, today referred to as the Kingdom of Sussex (/ˈsʌsɪks/; from Middle English: Suth-sæxe, in turn from Old English: Suth-Seaxe or Sūþseaxna rīce, meaning "(land or people of/Kingdom of) the South Saxons"), was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon England.^[6] On the south coast of the island of Great Britain, it was originally a sixth-century Saxon colony and later an independent kingdom. The kingdom remains one of the least known of the Anglo-Saxon polities, with no surviving king-list, several local rulers and less centralisation than other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.^[7] The South Saxons were ruled by the kings of Sussex until the country was annexed by Wessex, probably in 827, in the aftermath of the Battle of Ellendun. In 860 Sussex was ruled by the kings of Wessex, and by 927 all remaining Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were ruled by them as part of the new kingdom of England.

The foundation legend of the kingdom of Sussex is that in 477 Ælle and his three sons arrived in three ships, conquering what is now Sussex. Ælle became overlord, or Bretwalda, over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms south of the Humber. Historians are divided over whether or not Ælle really existed; however archaeological evidence supports the view that a short-lived expansion of South Saxon authority as far as the Midlands may have taken place in the 5th century.^[8]

For much of the 7th and 8th centuries, Sussex suffered invasion attempts by the kingdom of Wessex to its west. King Æðelwealh formed an alliance with Christian Mercia against Wessex, becoming Sussex's first Christian king. With support from St Wilfrid, Sussex became the last major Anglo-Saxon kingdom to become Christian. South Saxon and Mercian forces took control of what are now east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Cædwalla of Wessex killed Æðelwealh and "ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation". The South Saxons forced Cædwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into Kent, replacing its king. At that time Sussex could have re-emerged into a regional power.^[9]^[10] Shortly afterwards, Cædwalla returned to Sussex, killing its king and putting its people into what Bede called "a worse state of slavery".^[11] The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon Winchester.^[11] Only around 715 was Eadberht of Selsey made the first bishop of the South Saxons, after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued.

Following a period of rule by King Offa of Mercia, Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex in 860.^[3]^[4]

^ Brandon 2006, p. 68
^ Cite error: The named reference EcgODNB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Higham 2013 245 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Kirby 2000 169 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Brandon 1978 225 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ The Latin name was used, for instance, by William of Malmesbury.
^ Cite error: The named reference Semple 2013 25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Myres 1989, pp. 136–140
^ Cite error: The named reference Kirby114 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Venning45-46 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Brandon 1978, p. 32

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[1] Brandon 2006, p. 68

[EcgODNB-3] Cite error: The named reference EcgODNB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Higham_2013_245-4] Cite error: The named reference Higham 2013 245 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kirby_2000_169-5] Cite error: The named reference Kirby 2000 169 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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[7] The Latin name was used, for instance, by William of Malmesbury.

[Semple_2013_25-8] Cite error: The named reference Semple 2013 25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] Myres 1989, pp. 136–140

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[Venning45-46-11] Cite error: The named reference Venning45-46 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Brandon_1978_32-12] Brandon 1978, p. 32

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