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Central Asian revolt of 1916

Central Asian revolt of 1916
Part of the Asian and Pacific theater of World War I[3][4]
Date3 July 1916 (16 July 1916, N.S.Tooltip New Style) – February 1917
Location
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia
Result Revolt suppressed
Belligerents

Russian Empire Russian Turkestan

Turkic tribal confederations[2]

Commanders and leaders
Russian Empire Aleksey Kuropatkin
Russian Empire Nikolai Sukhomlinov
Russian Empire Mikhail Folbaum
Emirate of Bukhara Muhammad Alim Khan[1]
Strength
Russian Empire 30,000[citation needed] 100,000[citation needed]
German Empire Austria-Hungary Small number of escaped POW volunteers[11]
Casualties and losses
2,325 killed[12]
1,384 missing[12]
Total: 7,562 dead		 ~100,000–270,000 Central Asians (Turks, Tajiks) died from violence, famine and disease[13][14]
  1. ^ According to Abdulla Gyun Dogdu, Sami Bek was a Rebel leader of Turkish origin.[8]
Part of a series on the
History of Kyrgyzstan
Emblem of Kyrgyzstan

The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt[15] and as Urkun[16] (Kyrgyz: Үркүн, romanized: Ürkün, lit. 'Exodus', , IPA: [yrˈkyn]) in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I. The rampant corruption of the Russian colonial regime and Tsarist colonialism in all its economic, political, religious, and national dimensions are all seen as the contributing causes.

The revolt led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Kyrgyz and Kazakhs into China, while the suppression of the revolt by the Imperial Russian Army led to around 100,000 to 270,000 deaths (mostly Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, but also Tajiks, Turkmen, and Uzbeks) both directly and indirectly.[13] Deaths of Central Asians are either the result of diseases, violence or famine. The Russian state was not able to restore order to parts of the Empire until after the outbreak of the October Revolution and the subsequent Basmachi revolt (1916–1923) further destabilized the Central Asia region.

The USSR regime's censorship of the history surrounding the Central Asian revolt of 1916 and the Basmachi revolt has led both Central Asian and international researchers to revisit the topic in the 2010s. The revolt is considered a seminal event in the modern histories of several Central Asian peoples. Special importance is given to the event in Kyrgyz historiography due to the fact that perhaps has many as 40% of the ethnic Kyrgyz population died during or in the aftermath of the revolt.

Alexander Kerensky and some Russian historians were the first to bring international attention to these events.[17]

  1. ^ a b c Ubiria, Grigol (2015). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1317504351.
  2. ^ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 33:30)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  3. ^ Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016-06-26). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4214-2051-6. The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia is an aspect of the history of the First World War and the history of Russia which has, unfortunately, been sorely neglected in the English literature on the period.
  4. ^ Morrison, Alexander; Drieu, Cloé; Chokobaeva, Aminat (2019-10-02). The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A collapsing empire in the age of war and revolution. Manchester University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-5261-2944-4. The perceptions of the war in Semirech'e suggest that we ought to view the rebellion as an integral part of World War I. The war in Semirech'e was a war on the domestic front brought about by the war fought on the foreign front.
  5. ^ Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781421420509.
  6. ^ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 16:40)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  7. ^ "1916: Baatyrkan is the leader of the revolt" (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  8. ^ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 27:35)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  9. ^ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 16:58)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  10. ^ Morrison, Alexander; Drieu, Cloé; Chokobaeva, Aminat (2019-10-02). The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A collapsing empire in the age of war and revolution. Manchester University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-5261-2944-4.
  11. ^ Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016-06-26). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. pp. 150, 151. ISBN 9781421420516.
  12. ^ a b Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016-06-26). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 155. ISBN 9781421420516.
  13. ^ a b Morrison, Alexander (2020). The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-1107030305.
  14. ^ The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia, Edward Dennis Sokol, 1954, 2016, https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/revolt-1916-russian-central-asia
  15. ^ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 0:52)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  16. ^ Pannier, Bruce (2 February 2012). "Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Commemorated". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2019-07-21. The events are known in Kyrgyzstan as "Urkun" ("exodus").
  17. ^ Abraham, Richard: Alexander Kerensky. The first love of the Revolution, London 1987. p.108.

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