Back فينوباربيتال Arabic Fenobarbital Catalan Fenobarbital Czech Ffenobarbital Welsh Phenobarbital Danish Phenobarbital German Φαινοβαρβιτάλη Greek Fenobarbital Spanish Fenobarbital Basque فنوباربیتال Persian

Phenobarbital

Not to be confused with Pentobarbital.
Not to be confused with Luminol.
Phenobarbital
2D chemical structure of phenobarbital
3D ball-and-stick model of phenobarbital
Clinical data
Trade namesLuminal, Sezaby
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682007
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Dependence
liability		Low[1]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, rectal, parenteral
Drug classBarbiturate
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability>95%
Protein binding20 to 45%
MetabolismLiver (mostly CYP2C19)
Onset of actionwithin 5 min (IV) and 30 min (PO)[4]
Elimination half-life53 to 118 hours
Duration of action4 hrs[4] to 2 days[5]
ExcretionKidney and fecal
Identifiers
  • 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.007 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H12N2O3
Molar mass232.239 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(c2ccccc2)CC
  • InChI=1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17) checkY
  • Key:DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, sold under the brand name Luminal among others, is a medication of the barbiturate type.[4] It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.[6] In the developed world, it is commonly used to treat seizures in young children,[7] while other medications are generally used in older children and adults.[8] In developed countries it is used for veterinary purposes.[9] It may be used intravenously, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth.[4] The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus.[4] Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, anxiety, and drug withdrawal and to help with surgery.[4] It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.[4] Its effects last for between four hours and two days.[4][5]

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.[4] There is concern about both abuse and withdrawal following long-term use.[4] It may also increase the risk of suicide.[4] It is pregnancy category B or D (depending on how it is taken) in the United States and category D in Australia, meaning that it may cause harm when taken by pregnant women.[4][10] If used during breastfeeding it may result in drowsiness in the baby.[11] A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.[4] Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.[4]

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.[12][13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14]

  1. ^ Bassert JM (2017). McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 955. ISBN 9780323496407.
  2. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  3. ^ "Sezaby- phenobarbital sodium injection". DailyMed. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Phenobarbital". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved Aug 14, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Marx JA (2010). Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (7 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 1352. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
  6. ^ Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW (December 2012). "Phenobarbital: missing in action". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 90 (12): 871–871A. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.113183. PMC 3524964. PMID 23284189.
  7. ^ Brodie MJ, Kwan P (December 2012). "Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future". Epilepsia. 53 (Suppl 8): 40–46. doi:10.1111/epi.12027. PMID 23205961. S2CID 25553143.
  8. ^ National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (January 2012). "The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK). PMID 25340221 – via PubMed.
  9. ^ Thomas WB (2003). "Seizures and narcolepsy". In Dewey CW (ed.). A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-1249-6.
  10. ^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  11. ^ "Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding". 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  12. ^ Brenner GM, Stevens CW (2013). "Antiepileptic Drugs". Pharmacology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4557-0278-7. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04.
  13. ^ Engel J (2008). Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1431. ISBN 978-0-7817-5777-5. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
  14. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.

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