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Out-of-body experience

Artist's depiction of the separation stage of an out-of-body experience, which often precedes free movement

An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is a phenomenon in which a person perceives the world from a location outside their physical body. An OBE is a form of autoscopy (literally "seeing self"), although this term is more commonly used to refer to the pathological condition of seeing a second self, or doppelgänger.

The term out-of-body experience was introduced in 1943 by G. N. M. Tyrrell in his book Apparitions,[1] and was adopted by researchers such as Celia Green,[2] and Robert Monroe,[3] as an alternative to belief-centric labels such as "astral projection" or "spirit walking". OBEs can be induced by traumatic brain injuries, sensory deprivation, near-death experiences, dissociative and psychedelic drugs, dehydration, sleep disorders, dreaming, and electrical stimulation of the brain,[4] among other causes. It can also be deliberately induced by some.[5] One in ten people has an OBE once, or more commonly, several times in their life.[6][7]

Psychologists and neuroscientists regard OBEs as dissociative experiences occurring along different psychological and neurological factors.[5][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

  1. ^ G. N. M. Tyrrell, Apparitions, Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd, London, 1943, pp. 149. ISBN 978-1169831537
  2. ^ Green, C.E. (1968). Out-of-the-body Experiences. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0345248435.
  3. ^ Monroe, Robert (1971). Journeys Out of the Body. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 0-385-00861-9.
  4. ^ Aspell, Jane; Blanke, Olaf (2009). "Understanding the out-of-body experience from a neuroscientific perspective" (PDF). In Murray, Craig D. (ed.). Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Out of Body and Near Death Experiences. Psychology Research Progress. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60741-705-7.
  5. ^ a b Brent, S. B. (1979). "Deliberately induced, premortem, out-of-body experiences: An experimental and theoretical approach". In Kastenbaum, B. (ed.). Between life and death. New York: Springer. pp. 89–123. ISBN 978-0826125408.
  6. ^ Blackmore, Susan (1984). "A Postal Survey of OBEs and Other Experiences".
  7. ^ "(Aug. 24, 2007) First Out-of-body Experience Induced In Laboratory Setting". ScienceDaily. August 24, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  8. ^ Gabbard, G. O., & Twemlow, A. W. (1984). With the eyes of the mind: An empirical analysis of out-of-body states. New York: Praeger Scientific. ISBN 978-0030689260
  9. ^ Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-0508-7
  10. ^ Blanke O, Landis T, Seeck M (2004). "Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin". Brain. 127 (2): 243–258. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040. PMID 14662516.
  11. ^ Blanke O, Mohr C (2005). "Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. Implications for mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self consciousness". Brain Research Reviews. 50 (1): 184–199. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008. PMID 16019077. S2CID 10376314.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Meyerson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cheyne was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Blanke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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