Parliament of Independence (Circassia)

The Circassian Parliament

Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ

Şhafitnığə Xasə
The Circassian Parliament ; Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ; Şhafitnığə Xasə
Parliament of Circassia
	The Circassian flag variant used by the Parliament
	Administrative divisions of Circassia according to the decree issued by the Parliament
Type
Type	Unicameral
History
Founded	13 June 1861
Disbanded	21 May 1864
Preceded by	Lepq Zefes (People's Council)
Leadership
Chairman	Qerandiqo Berzeg
Abdzakh Representative	Hasan Bidh
Shapsug Representative	Islam Thaushe
Other important members	Qarabatir Zanuqo (son of Sefer Bey Zanuqo); Ismail Braqiy; Ibrahim Thaushe; Muhammad Khusht
Structure
Political groups	Government Founding Members Ubykh; Natukhaj representatives (Government in-exile); Shapsug; ; Other Members Hatuqway; Abdzakh representatives (Government in-exile); Bzhedug representatives (Government in-exile); Chemguy; Kabardian representatives (Government in-exile); ;
Elections
First election	13 June 1861
Last election	13 June 1861
Motto
	Псэм ипэ напэ; Psəm yipə napə; "Honor before life"
Meeting place
	Ş̂açə (Modern-day Sochi) (1861-1862)
	Mutıxwa (Modern-day Plastunki) (1862-1864)
	Qbaada (Modern-day Krasnaya Polyana) (1864)

The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adıgə Xasə; also called the Parliament of Independence; Adyghe: Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ, romanized: Şhafitnığə Xasə)^[2] was the legislature of Circassia officialized in 1861 after a meeting in Sochi attended by leaders of several Circassian provinces.^[3]^[4]^[5] A tribal confederation had existed before the parliament's establishment, but a centralized government was achieved only after it was built.^[6]

The parliament aimed to defend the western part of Circassia from Russian invasion,^[7] and to liberate the occupied Eastern Circassia from the Russian Empire during the Russian-Circassian War.^[8] It also sent delegates abroad to gain support for the Circassian struggle internationally.^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 2. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (далее – РГВИА). Ф. 38. Оп. 7. Д. 422.
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Grassi, Fabio L. A new homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey. Aydin University International. ISBN 9781642261349.
^ Владимировна, Чунтыжева Рима (2014). "Сочинский меджлис: опыт общественно-политического творчества адыгов в XIX веке". Вестник Майкопского государственного технологического университета (4): 15–19. ISSN 2078-1024.
^ Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000.
^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "UNPO: Circassia". Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2010-10-22. Via UNPO
^ English RUVR - Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine via the Voice of Russia
^ Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч.

[ReferenceA-1] 2. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (далее – РГВИА). Ф. 38. Оп. 7. Д. 422.

[:3-2] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:6-3] Grassi, Fabio L. A new homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey. Aydin University International. ISBN 9781642261349.

[4] Владимировна, Чунтыжева Рима (2014). "Сочинский меджлис: опыт общественно-политического творчества адыгов в XIX веке". Вестник Майкопского государственного технологического университета (4): 15–19. ISSN 2078-1024.

[:0-5] Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000.

[:5-6] Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[7] "UNPO: Circassia". Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2010-10-22. Via UNPO

[8] English RUVR - Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine via the Voice of Russia

[:1-9] Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч.

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