Plains Indian Sign Language

Plains Indian Sign Language
Hand Talk Plains Sign Language First Nation Sign Language[1]
Langue des signes des Indiens des Plaines Langue des signes des autochtones des Plaines[2][3] (in French Canada) Lenguaje de signos Indio de las Llanuras (in Mexico)
Native to	Canada, Mexico, USA
Region	Central Canada and United States including the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains region; northern Mexico
Ethnicity	Various Plains Indians
Native speakers	Unknown
Language family	Isolate, formerly a trade pidgin
Dialects	Navajo Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cree Sign Language Ojibwa Sign Language
Writing system	None; illustrations of signs
Official status
Official language in	none
Recognised minority language in	Recognised as official in courts, education and legislative assembly of Ontario.[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	psd
Glottolog	plai1235
ELP	Plains Indian Sign Language
The attested historical range of Plains Sign Language among other sign languages in the US and Canada (excl. ASL and LSQ)

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Hand Talk or Plains Sign Language, is an endangered^[5] language common to various Plains Nations across what is now central Canada, the central and western United States and northern Mexico.^[6] This sign language was used historically as a lingua franca, notably for trading among tribes; it is still used for story-telling, oratory, various ceremonies, and by deaf people for ordinary daily use.^[7]

In 1885, it was estimated that there were over 110,000 "sign-talking Indians", including Blackfoot Confederacy, Cheyenne, Sioux, Kiowa and Arapaho. As a result of several factors, including the European colonization of the Americas, the number of sign talkers declined sharply from European colonization onward. However, growing interest and preservation work on Plains Sign Language has increased its use and visibility in the 21st century.^[6] Historically, some have likened its more formal register, used by men, to Church Latin in function.^[8] It is primarily used today by elders and deaf members of Native American tribes.^[5]

Some deaf Indigenous children attend schools for the deaf and learn American Sign Language (ASL) having already acquired Plains Sign Language.^[7] A group studied in 1998 were able to understand each other, though this was likely through the use of International Sign.^[7] Jeffrey E. Davis, a leading linguist in documentation efforts,^[5] hypothesizes that this contact, combined with potential contact with Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (another potential antecedent to ASL) may suggest that ASL descends in part from Plains Sign Language.^{[9]: 24–27}